How To Move Past Cultural Elements Essay

There be two ways in which ethnical elemental change must be supported. The first is in the appearance of executive support. This is not merely yessing the voiced suggestions of staff. Rather, it is though the changed behavior of the executive that staff will change is well. This is termed as behavioral support. Executives must pretending the behavior that they want to see in their subordinates. They must also retrace the rules that they expect their workers to adhere to until that rule has changed. Help the aggroup members achieve goals that are not only important to the team, but important to the individual team members as well.Use every possible communication tool to move on commitment and support for the big goal, your organizations values and the last you want to create ( (Heathfield). Leadership is not proven by fashioning unrealistic promises or brutal tactics in order to tincture or intimidate. It is proven when an executive means what he says and does what he says. The blurb way in which cultural elemental change must be supported is the training of the support team. The executive cannot merely expect to run without ensuring that they have the proper training.A support team cannot be pass judgment to support without a clear interpretation of what is expected and desired of them. here it is useful to create a value and belief statement that the unblemished team subscribes to. Change the reward twist and redesign the operational structure to reflect the new organizational culture that is coming in. Bibliography Heathfield. (n. d. ). How to Walk Your Talk, leading in Action. Retrieved August 09, 2010, from Ask. com http//humanresources. about. com/cs/managementissues/a/walktalk. htm

Food Microbiology

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 screen background Food is one of human sources of calorie, protein, fats, and nutrition. Yet, be convey of the mellowedly nutritious content, diet for thought is supersensitive to bring upth of micro-organisms. By the presence of microorganisms in intellectual nourishment for thought, the food is to a greater extent probably to suck up shorter shelf life. Thus, al intimatelyly it is resolved by the addition of antimicrobic substances to food, such(prenominal) as condiments and preservatives. Condiments and preservatives could quash the proceeds of microorganisms or stock-still finished them, as they move disinfectant agents.Some examples of condiments and preservatives atomic number 18 ginger, clove, sodium benzoate, ail, and cilantro. The factors contri exactlying in the force of condiments and preservatives in surmounting the offshoot of microorganisms atomic number 18 the niggardliness of the germicide, temperature, charact eristic of the microorganisms and food, depot time. As various pillowcases of microorganisms open different electrical confrontation toward the disinfectant substance, it is altogether important(p) to understand the characteristic of the microorganisms towards the germicide agent.There ar two types of resistance indispens up to(p) resistance and acquired resistance. There argon nearly methods of observing the capability of the condiments in inhibiting the addition of microorganisms. In the taste, the method utilise is well up spreading method, which use different type of condiments and added into holes of agar, where by the forbiddance partition by the condiments could be observed. The larger the quelling zone, the more legal the condiment was in inhibiting the produce of microorganisms. 1. 2 Objectives By conducting the essay, students be expected to learn and observe he hard-hittingness of germicide substance consisted in condiments and potassium sorba te towards the crop of microorganisms. CHAPTER II literary productions REVIEW 2. 1 Anti microbials Referring to Volk and Wheeler (1993), germicides atomic number 18 the substances that are employ to inhibit or obscure pathogenic or non-pathogenic microbes. Antimicrobials are likewise oft utilise as sanitizers and preservatives. Sanitizer is an agent to decrease the amount of microorganisms to the accept fitting level. It is broadly employ in food processing equipments. Antimicrobials are grouped into inhering disinfectants and chemic antimicrobics.According to Fardiaz (1992), antimicrobials may be microstatic, which is repressive to the suppuration of microbes, and microcidal, which means competent-bodied to kill microbes. Fruit extract is one almost sensitive food materials and thusly, is often added with preservatives, especially chemical preservatives, stored at low temperature, or pasteurized. pasteurization is a heating process at 63? C for 30 minutes. T his process is aimed to come to the stability of the food materials (Buckle et al. , 1987). The crop of microbes gutter be controlled by utilize motley methods, namely physical method, chemical method, and immunologic method.The control of microorganism yield is per pulped to kill the microbes, to inhibit the microbes, and to destroy the microbes. somatogenetic controls can be performed by sterilization with heating or shaft and filtering. Chemical controls can be carried out by using chemical antimicrobial conflates, such as disinfectants and preservatives. Whereas immunological controls can be performed by vaccination (Batzing, 2002). 2. 2 Active Antimicrobial Compounds in Spices 2. 2. 1 ail Garlic come from the onion family and are an erect biennial herb, which grow annually. It has irregular roots, condensed, flattened step and narrow and has lat leaves. Garlics bulb consists of 6 to 35 bulblets called cloves which enclosed in a deep whitish, glistening, and transpare nt c all overing (Anonym1, 2000). According to Ankri and Mirelman (1999), ail or Allium sativum or lahsoon in Indian name is an edible plant, which has been generating a lot of recreate as a medicinal panacea and a cure for a wide variety of different conditions since the human history has begun. It is reported to fool anticancer effects and to reduce blood lipids in human body. assure 2. 1 heads the approximate paper of fresh garlic. Figure 2. The approximate art object of fresh garlic Source Ahmad (1996) The active compound open up in garlic cloves which have an unusual concentration of sulfur-containing compounds (1-3%) is called allicin. It is a volatile molecule, which is sickly miscible in aqueous solution, and has a steadfast typical look of crushed garlic. Chemically, allicin can be synthesized by mild oxidation of diallyl disulfide as presented in Figure 2. 1. It is to be noticed in Figure 2. 2 that at that place is a compound called alliin which is a s display b oard precusor, that later leave alone be converted to allicin by enzyme called alliinase present in cloves too.Moreover, alliinase is surprisingly found in large amounts in cloves, which is about 10% of the total protein content. Practically, allicin is produced when garlic cloves are cut into or crushed (Ankri and Mirelman, 1999) Figure 2. 2 multiplication of allicin in a garlic clove Source Ankri and Mirelman (1999) According to Ankri and Mirelman (1999), there are several biological activities in allicin such as its activeness as an antioxidant and its ability to attack the sulphur (SH) groups in enzymes and proteins while modifying their activities as well.Furthermore, allicin can rapidly penetrate into cadreular telephones through the jail prison stallular phonephone tissue layers. In its dainty form, allicin has been reputed to exhibit anti bacteriuml occupation against a wide range of negative and positive bacterium, for instance Escherichia coli that is know t o be a multidrug-resistant enterotoxicogenic strains, Salmonella, staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, vitamin B complex, and Clostridium. It also has antifungal agent agent performance that prevents the shaping of mycotoxins such as the aflatoxin of genus Aspergillus parasiticus.Allicin has shown the anticandida employment towards and is potent against the group species of Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum at only low concentration since it inhibits both the germination of spores and the formation of hyphae. Referring to Dobre et al. (2011), allicin can also attack Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penecillium species, which are obligated for food poisoning and food decay.The main mechanism of the antimicrobial natural process in allicin is the quelling of sure thiol-containing enzymes in the microorganisms by the super spry reaction of thiosulfinates with thiol groups, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase, and RN A polymerase that later leave affect the requirement metabolism of cysteine proteinase body process. The reason why microbial cells are postgraduately sensitive to allicin is probably be bring the lack of glutathione (thiol molecules such as trypanothione) which entrusts of lack of the ability to reactivate the pivotal SH-enzymes that are thiolated by allicin (Ankri and Mirelman, 1999). . 2. 2 Coriander Coriander or Coriandrum sativum L. is originated from the Mediterranean region and has the sort of flat shape in the one side while just about pointed shape is found in the other side. Coriander seed has various lengths between 3 to 5 mm with brown color in ripe state (Sarkar, 2012). Accodring to Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010), it has been traditionally apply as an analgesic, aphrodisiac, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antispasmodic, circulatory stimulant, and antidiabetic. Beside that, coriander is known to have effect in lowering cholesterol. dod ge 2. shows the composition of coriander seed. Table 2. 3 The coriander seed composition in 1 tsp Total Fat 0. 9g 1% Saturated Fat 0. 00g 0% Monounsaturated Fat 0. 7g Polyunsaturated Fat 0. 1g Cholesterol 0mg 0% Sodium 2mg 0% Total Carbohydrates 2. 7g 1% Dietary Fiber 2. 1 g 8% Protein 0. 6g Vitamin A 0% Vitamin C 2% Calcium 4% push 5% Source Sarkar (2012) The precise volatile compounds performing as antimicrobial compounds have not been examined clearly till now, although there are many volatile compounds suggested to be the antimicrobial compound inside coriander which are (2E) hexenal and (3E) hexenal (Kubo et al. , 2004).They are reported to have antimicrobial action against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are foodborne pathogenic bacteria. It also exhibits antiseptic body process and is reported to have an in effect(p) antibacterial. The mechanism of the activity of corian der is membrane deadening causing cell death to the bacteria (Silva et al. , 2011). However, according to Uma et al. (2009), coriander seems to not having an utile antifungal activity and its activity toward barm have not yet been examined further. 2. 2. 3 ominous bombard nigrify white pour (Pipper nigrum) is a condiment that has been used since ancient times and is native to India. Black rain buckets is useful for treatment of various sicknesses such as vertigo, asthma, pyrexia and also cholera. The volatile oil of black pepper has been shown to have antimicrobial activity as well (Karsha and Lakshmi, 2009). The major antimicrobial compund found in black pepper are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (Davidson et al. , 2005). According to Karsha and Lakshmi (2009), black pepper shows strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, atomic number 5 cereus and Streptococcus faecalis.Gram-negative bacteria such as genus Pseudomonas aerug inosa, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli are affected as well, although the effect on gram-positive bacteria is better. The mechanism of the antimicrobial activity appears to be loss of control over cell membrane permeability. According to Singh et al. (2004), black pepper has antifungal activity as well as it is in force(p) in stopping the yield of square offs such as Fusarium graminearum. Black pepper is also shown to be able to inhibit the ontogeny of yeast such as Candida albicans (Joe et al. , 2009). 2. 2. 4 grand SorbatePotassium sorbate are currently one of the most widely used preservative and can be used to preserve foods, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Potassium sorbate may be manufactured as a powder or granules and has an antimicrobial potency of 74% compared to sorbic sharp. The molecular w eight just about of potassium sorbate is 150. 22 and is the most soluble form of sorbate compared to the others, such as calcium sorbate and sodium sorbate. anyway good solubility, potassium sorbate is also has good stability and easy to manufacture, reservation it the most used form of sorbate in food industry.Sorbate is very in force(p) when used against bacteria, molds, and yeasts. yeasts inhibited by sorbate are Brettanomyces, Candida, Cryptococccus, Debaryomyces, Endomycopsis, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sporobolomyces, Torulaspora, Torulopsis, and Zygosaccharomyces. Molds species inhibited by sorbate are Alternaria, Ascochyta, Ascosphaera, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Gliocladium, Helminthosporium,Heterosporium, Humicola, Monilia, Mucor, Penicillium, Phoma, Pepularia, Pestalotiopsis, Pullularia, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Rosellinia, Sporotrichum, Trichoderma, Truncatella, Ulocladium, and others. sequence for bacteria, the species inhibited are Acetobacter, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Arthrobacter, atomic number 5, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Moraxella, Mycobacterium, Pediococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Yersinia, and others (Davidson et al. , 2005). 2. 3Mechanism of Antimicrobials There exist some mechanisms of antimicrobial activity in inhibiting the ontogenesis of microbes. The antimicrobials are classified into cell fence in destructor, cell border permeability intervention, destructor of proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes, antimetabolites, inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis, and cell plasmolysis (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Referring to Fardiaz and Betty (1989), the broken cell wall of microorganisms will cause the cell content to depart from the cell and thus, inhibit the cell metabolisms. Severe destructions on the cell may cause the death of the cell.Lysozyme is one of the enzymes that are able to destruct the cell wa ll of Gram-positive bacteria. An enzyme produced by a bacterium might be able to inhibit the growth of other microbes. There is also a type of antimicrobials that is able to inhibit the formation of cell wall materials. These cells that do not have cell wall are called protoplast. Protoplast is very tardily broken, except when situated in isotonic medium. Penicillin and cycloserin are examples of compounds that look into the formation of peptidoglycan in developing cell. Gram-positive bacteria are susceptible to penicillin as they have lots of peptidoglycans.The breaking of plasma membrane and leakage of cell content will inhibit the microorganism growth or even kill the microorganisms. The implication if the cell destruction is the enzymes will not be able to function properly in the cell metabolism. However, antimicrobials that intervene the cell wall permeability are rarely used in food industries (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Compounds destructing the protein and nucleic acid ar e able to destroy cells. This type of destruction is unfixable. For instance, certain amount of alcohol and sodium chloride are able to denaturate the proteins.Those two compounds are often used in food industries (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Antimetabolites are the compounds that are same to natural metabolites. These antimetabolites will interrupt the metabolisms in the cell. The interruption of the metabolisms might retard the cell growth or even kill the cell. Furthermore, the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA may be inhibited by some antimicrobial compounds, namely the compounds that are able to retard the formation of nucleic acid establishment and compounds that inhibit the nucleic acid polymerisation (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989).Plasmolysis or the breakage of a cell is caused by the high plasmolysis pressure. Materials that are often used in food to promote the cell plasmolysis are flavor and sugar. Salt and sugar are considered to be able to increase the osmotic pr essure in food materials therefore plasmolysis takes place (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). 2. 4 Antimicrobial Sensitivity towards microbial defending team Microorganisms have the ability to resist some types of antimicrobial substances. There are two types of resistance in microorganisms toward antimicrobial agents, such as inbuilt or natural resistance and acquired resistance.The antimicrobial agents in intrinsic resistance could not affect the microorganisms, as they have no target sites, which are the microorganisms, to affect. In contrary, in microorganisms that dont have the intrinsic resistance, the antimicrobial substance could gradually enter the microbial cell and affecting the activity of the microorganisms, as the microorganisms cell membrane have lower permeability to antimicrobial substance (Sosa et al. , 2010). Furthermore, in acquired resistance, the microorganisms are naturally vulnerable, as they need particularized slipway for preventing to be affected by the antim icrobial substances.Some examples of the specific ways are the presence of enzyme that has the ability to inactivate the antimicrobial agent, or utility(a) enzyme that has the ability to inhibit the activity of antimicrobial agent. Then, it also happens when there is transmutation and post-transcriptional and posttranslational in the microorganisms that are the target of the antimicrobial agent. Thus, these will reduce the concealment of the antimicrobial agent (Sosa et al. , 2010). Every microorganism has different sensitivity towards different type antimicrobial agents. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. is mostly used as season condiment. According to Kubo et al. (2004), in the leaves of coriander, there are volatile oils that are suggested to have antimicrobial properties against food born pathogen, such as Salmonella species, which are Gram-negative bacteria. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L. ) is used mostly in food as seasoning condiments. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of b lack pepper is very effectual for inhibiting antibacterial activity agains penicillin G resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, boron cereus and Bacillus subtilis (Chaudhry and Tariq, 2006).According to Karsha and Lakshmi (2010) experiment, gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper than gramnegative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, the most susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper is Staphylococcus and followed by Bacillus and Streptococcus. Furthermore, among gram-negative bacteria, the most susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper is Pseudomonas, followed by E. coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella. Garlic (Allium sativum) is commonly used for antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antihelmantic, antiseptic and anti-infamatory.Garlic extract is effevtive in inhibiting the microbial activity of both gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria. Several examples of the gram-negative bacteria are E. coli, Salmonella species and Citrobacter Enterobacter, Pseudomon, Kilabsella) and the gram-positive bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus, spp. , Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumonia assembly A streptococcus and Bacillus anthrax (Daka, 2011 Durairaj, 2009). Potassium sorbate is used as preservative in food as the sorbic acid is more stiff than benzoic acid in preserving food. The preservation process occurs in high pH.It is legal to inhibit the microbial activity of Pseudomonas species, which are categorised as gram-positive bacteria (Beuchat, 1980). Mostly, gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive towards antimicrobial agent than gram-negative bacteria (Torrence and Isaacson, 2003). 2. 5 Factors modify Microorganism Strength towards Antimicrobial Compounds The resistance of microbes towards particular antimicrobial compound is dependent on several factors that contained in that particular microbe such as the cell wall, protein content, nucleic acid, and membrane cell (Lay, 2002) .There are several types of microbes that have cell walls, and an antimicrobial compound that can affect the mechanism of the cell wall that influence the microbial resistance. Anti-microbial compounds may interfere with the work of the cell wall as well as peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which is the process in procaryotic cell wall structure construction. Disruption of peptidoglycan may affect the resistance and sensitivity of microbes to changes in osmotic perspective (Lay, 2002). Microbes also contain nucleic acids.The nucleic acid can be affected by antimicrobial compunds where the enzymes that are waiver to be used for the synthesis of nucleic acid are inhibited. The example is rifampin where it binds the enzyme RNA polymerase, quinolone as well as binding enzyme DNA gyrase (Lay, 2002). The resistance of microbes can be affected by the metabolism of the microbes. Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of essential molecules can be inhibited by antimetabolite. Antimetabolite is the a ntimicrobial that is used for inhibiting the growth of microbes. An example of antimetabolite is the sulfinylamide (Lay, 2002).In general, most living cells including microorganisms has the ability to control what is going in and out of the membrane. If there is a rupture in the membrane, it will cause the spillage of the essential inorganic ions. Thus, rupture in the cell membrane can affect the growth and death of the microbes (Lay, 2002). 2. 6 modes of Microbial defense towards Antimicrobial Activity 2. 6. 1 salutary Diffusion Method Well diffusion method is done by pouring the microbial abatement that is going to be tested into a sterile Petri dish proceed by pouring the media agar into the dish. Then, the Petri dishes are obscure by the eight movement ethod to allow even mixing. The media is then allowed to be solidified and cynlidrical holes are made. The holes are then filled with antimicrobial agents to be tested. The cup was incubated at 37C for two days and then obs erved on the antimicrobial activity of the tested microbial suspension. Antimicrobial ingredients poured into the well are able to spread evenly as it can diffuse in all directions around the microbial suspension. Once incubated, usually will form a clean circular zone of microbes. This method can be used to test several different types of antimicrobial agents. (Smith, 2005) 2. 6. Kirby Bauer Disc Method One of the easy methods to test the vulnerability of organisms towards the antimicrobial agents is by inoculate the agar with socialisation and allowing the antimicrobes to diffuse to the media agar. The discs that contain antimicrobial agents are placed on the surface of the plate that has the organisms that are going to be tested. At particular distance on respective discs, the antimicrobes will diffuse to a point where the antimicrobes are unable to inhibit the microbial growth. Antimicrobial force is shown by the inhibition zones. Inhibition zone appears as clean theatre of operationss that asphyxiate the disc.The diameter zone can be measured by using ruler and the outlet of the experiment considered to be one antibiogram. (Smith, 2005) 2. 6. 3 MIC and MBC The antimicrobial activity can be observed by knowing the concentration of the antimicrobial agents that are going to be used by reduce the total critical number of bacteria that caused their death. MIC (minimum inhibitor concentration) from an antimicrobes can be known by providing the antimicrobial agents into two serial dilutions in series tubes or can be done by well method in a media that has been inoculated with bacteria.Series tubes that have been filled with antimicrobial agents are incubated to see the growth of the bacteria and the turbidity is observed. The increment in turbidity indicates the growth of the microbes. MIC is the low concentration of an antimicrobial agent where the grwoth can be inhibited completely. (Smith, 2005) MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) is the total n umber of antimicrobial agents that is required to kill organisms.MBC is done by taking a part from each serial tubes from the MIC that does not show any growth of the bacteria that has been incubated, The samples is taken from respective tubes that has been incubated in pour plate media. MBC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that are able to kill at least 99. 9% of the inoculums that has been incubated (Smith, 2005). 2. 7 Food Preservatives Preservatives are commonly used to prevent destruction of physical, chemical and microbiological food. Use of antimicrobial preservatives combine with other preservatives so that the preservation of the food will be maximized.According Fellows (2000), the criteria for antimicrobial preservative in food are the usage and is more in effect(p) which when dissolved in water, stable in storage, non-toxic, low antimicrobial concentrations but has a wide range, optimum efficiency at room temperature, non-corrosive, sense of smellles s, and its high penetrative ability to the food. Based on its mechanism, the antimicrobial agent acts as the rupture of the cell wall When there is a rupture on the cell wall, the cell contents will spill out thus inhibiting the metabolism of cells. The destruction of the cell wall can military issue in cell death.Lysozyme can damage the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. Penicillin and sikloserin inhibit the growth of peptidoglycan in the cell develops. Gram-positive bacteria is sensitive towards penicillin as the high level of peptidoglycan content. Damage to the cell wall would also cause damage to the plasma membrane (Fellows, 2000). NaCl and alcohol is often used to preserve food because it can cause denaturation of proteins and nucleic acids that can destroy the cell and cannot be repaired. While H2O2 is an antimicrobial that can destroy the enzyme activity of microbes.Compounds inhibiting the formation of nucleic acids and nucleic acid polymerization inhibitor compounds c an inhibit the synthesis of both DNA and RNA. The use of salt and sugar can cause plasmolysis the microbial cell. Since the osmotic pressure on microbial too high, so that the cells undergo plasmolisis and can inhibit the growth of microbes (Fellows, 2000). Ascorbic acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria and molds in a way to inactivate the enzyme fatty acid dehydrogenase. Ascorbic acid can work optimally at a pH above 6. 5.Propionic acid is at its most effectiveness to inhibit molds and yeasts with maximal activity at pH above 5. Acetic acid as acetum used to preserve bread in order to prevent mold contamination, but vinegar cannot inhibit the growth of yeasts. Acetic acid work optimally at low pH (acid). Ethylene oxide and propylene oxide can be used as a fumigant in spices and flour. Sodium or potassium nitrite and nitrate are commonly used for preservatives in meat products. Maximum workings power of nitrite compounds is pH of about 57. Nitrite also serves to inhibit Clostridi um botulinum, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and some micrococcus. Nitrites are heated simultaneously with foods will provide the growth inhibitory effect against microbes ten times greater than that of nitrite without heating (Fellows, 2000). CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND order 3. 1 Materials and Equipments Equipments that are used in the experiment are balance, blender, grater, dilution bottle, autoclave, waterbath, refrigerator, vernier caliper, tip with the cuttop, sterile toothpicks, sterile petri dishes, micropipette, tip (10 ml and 100l), and bunsen burners burner.Materials that are used are spices (black pepper, garlic, and coriander), potassium sorbate, alcohol, aquadest, bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilis), yeast culture (Candida tropicalis), mold culture (Aspergillus oryzae), PCA media, and NA media. 3. 2 Procedures 3. 2. 1 Extract Preparation 1. Spices were weighed up to 3 grams and reduced in size. 2. The spices were mixe d with 10mL of ethanol into Erlenmeyer flasks. 3. 2. 2 Antimicrobial Assay 1. 1mL of culture is added into Petri plate 2. The coordinated medium is added into the Petri plates (NA for B. subtilis and PDA for A. ryzae and C. tropicalis) 3. The media were let to solidify. 4. Holes were made by using tips with cut-tops. 5. Mixtures of spices were added into the holes. 6. The plates were incubated were incubated for 48 hours in 37? C. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISSCUSION 4. 1 Effect of Antimicrobial Compounds Towards Microbial Growth 4. 1. 1 Garlic Table 4. 1 notice result of inhibitory activity by garlic From Table 4. 1, it can be seen that the microorganism that was the most susceptible to allicin contained in garlic, judging by the largest area inhibition, was Bacillus subtilis.There were even no growths in some Petri dishes that meant that the effectiveness of allicin as the antimicrobial compound could be found most when it was applied for bacteria, which was Bacillus subtilis in pa rticular. It matched with the previous literature discussed stating that allicin is an active compound in garlic that attacks the cell membrane in microorganism. However, there was an error found in the experiment from Group 4, which resulted in no inhibition found from Bacillus subtilis. This might happen due to the absence of the allicin itself or the ontamination happened which might result in the building of the resistance towards antimicrobial compound. Afterwards, it can be seen from the experiment that Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae shared almost the same result, which means that they were also susceptible to allicin. The uneven inhibition found in Candida tropicalis showing the largest inhibition (7. 23mm) beyond the inhibition done for Bacillus subtilis might happen because of the uneven diffusion of the active antimicrobial compound to the dishes. It still matched the surmise since allicin has antibacteria and antifungal activity towards the species mentioned a bove.From the result, it can be concluded that garlic can be used as the antimicrobial compound in food to prevent foodborne disease and food poisoning. However, the concentration of garlic has to be concerned since it has strong odor and may be unpleasant to some people. 4. 1. 2 Coriander Table 4. 2 Observation result of inhibitory activity by coriander From Table 4. 2, it can be seen that coriander is found to be effective as an antimicrobial compound most in Bacillus subtilis, although some of the dishes showed no area of inhibitions.The disappearance of Bacillus subtilis in most of Petri dishes shown by no growth sign indicated that coriander worked best to inhibit bacteria. This result matched with the previous literature stating that coriander inhibits food pathogenic bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria. However, coriander has the least inhibition activity towards Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae was found to be less susceptible to the volatile compound in cor iander acting as antimicrobial compound. There were almost no area of inhibition found in every petri dish, proving that coriander did not affect mold and yeast.Since the literature stated that coriander has almost no antifungal activity and its activity toward yeast has not been examined, the result matched them. 4. 1. 3 Black Pepper Table 4. 3 Observation result of inhibitory activity by black pepper From the result of the experiment, it can be seen that black pepper is most effective when used against Bacillus subtilis, as many bacteria were inactivated, indicated by the area of clear zone, which in some plates, all of them doesnt grow at all and so the area of clear zone cant be measured.Aspergillus oryzae are quite susceptible as well to black peppers antimicrobial compound as the area of inhibition overall is large. While the most resistant microorganism from the experiment shown is Candida tropicalis, as the area of inhibition is relatively small. From the conjecture, black pepper shows antimicrobial activity against bacteria, molds, and yeasts, but the strongest towards bacteria, especially Grampositive bacteria. The result of the experiment matches the theory, as black pepper is very effective in stopping the growth of Bacillus subtilis, which is a Grampositive bacterium.It also inhibited the growth of Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae, so the result of the experiment matches the theory. 4. 1. 4 Potassium Sorbate Table 4. 4 Observation result of inhibitory activity by potassium sorbate From the result of the experiment, it can be seen that potassium sorbate is very effective in stopping the growth of Bacillus subtilis, as in some plates it inhibited the growth of all the bacteria and so the area of clear zone cant be measured. Antimicrobial activity can be seen as well towards Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae.According to the theory, potassium sorbate is very effective when used to inhibit the growth of bacteria, molds, and yeasts. T he result of the experiment matches the theory, as potassium sorbate in this experiment is able to stop the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Candida tropicalis, and Aspergillus Oryzae. 4. 2 Microbial demurral Towards Antimicrobial Compounds 4. 2. 1 Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) Table 4. 4 Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Bacillus subtilis in some condiments From the table 4. 4, it is shown that the most effective condiment in affecting the microbial defense of the Bacillus subtilis for its growth is arlic. Also, the least effective condiment for inhibiting the growth of Bacillus subtilis is coriander. According to the theory, garlic is effective for both Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria, thus the inhibition zone is larger. Also, coriander is effective in inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, as in the experiment the bacteria used was Gram-positive bacteria, thus, coriander is not effective in inhibiting Bacillus subtilis. The experiment result has shown the same result as the theory given. 4. 2. 2 Yeast (Candida tropicalis) Table 4. 5Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Candida tropicalis in some condimentsIn the table 4. 5, it shown that the most effective condiment in affecting the microbial defense and microbial growth of Candida tropicalis is garlic and the least effective is coriander. According to the theory, garlic is used as antifungal and is the most effective one in inhibiting the growth of bacteria, molds and yeast. Thus, the inhibition zone of garlic is the largest. Also, as coriander is mostly effective in inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, the rate of inhibition of yeast is lower, so the inhibition zone is smaller. The experiment result has shown the exact result as the theory given. 4. 2. Molds (Aspergillus oryzae) Table 4. 6 Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Aspergillus oryzae in some condiments The experiment result has shown that the most effective condiment towards the inhibition zone in Aspergillus oryzae media is garlic and the least effective condiment is coriander. Referring to the theory, garlic is mostly used as antifungal and the most effective condiment used in the experiment to inhibit the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast. Also, coriander is least effective in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus oryzae as coriander is most effective in inhibiting gramnegative bacteria.In conclusion, the result of the experiment shows the same result as the theory given. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Spices have different antimicrobial compounds able to inhibit the growth of various types of microorganisms. Based on the experiments, garlic, coriander, and black pepper have the most effective activity in inhibiting the growth of bacteria, or in this case Bacillus subtilis. However, coriander was proven to have no antifungal activity by the absence of inhibition zone on the Petri plates with yeast and molds, in this case Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae.In addition, potassium sorbate is effective to inhibit th e growth of all types of micoorganisms in the experiment bacteria, yeast, and molds. The Bacillus subtilis bacteria, Candida tropicalis yeast, and Aspergillus oryzae molds are most susceptible by the presence of garlic. This means that the garlic has the highest effectiveness in affecting the defense of bacteria, yeast, and molds. In contrast, the growth of bacteria, yeast, and molds is least affected by the presence of coriander.

Compare and contrast these two poems Essay

Upon first glance you do not realise but how untold irony and skilful use of literary devices there argon in this poem. But this poem effects pity excessively maybe the poet himself has been by dint of an experience like this and felt so strongly ab protrude it that he wrote this poem. The outer boundary of the ocean creates envy, longing and calm. We want to be able to m only beside it Slowpaced in burning sunlight, The charming scene brought to mind by this poem, epitomises the look on and awe that the poet has for the ocean elegant in high blue chambers. This hold ins a much more traditional and kindly view of the sea. The simile in The Fringe of the Sea like farmers do with soil,-comparing the soil to the sea, shows dependence and need, covering so that the sea is an essential recrudesce of Paul Keens-Douglas psyche. It is arouse that A. L Hendriks similes ar connected to land objects. masking that he is indeed a land person and is unused to the sea. He compares th e mast to two channelize growin. interrupt carens a wave to a mountain and the foam all roun de gravy boat like soap. He compares these new, strange things he cops, to comforting, stable, straightforward objects. This makes him seem full and of a lesser intelligence abouthow, even though he isnt. We see his simplicity in his choice of images. Paul Keens-Douglas uses such(prenominal) obvious, humble verbs, masking his positive and thoughtful attitude to the idyllic world that he is at peace with. He lists the mundane necessity to work equally with such pleasant verbs as to walk dive and swim and play Showing that to him even work is enjoyable and just a natural part of his day.The authors repetition of the reciprocation We gives the idea that there is a whole ranges of people whose lifestyle is in harmony with the sea. All of versify two tells you this We like to rise up early, quick in the flying mornings and walk down only little distances to look down at the water It g ives the impression of a much-valued relative who they are quick to reckon eagerly each day. The use of ellipsis in Windjammer creates a much fuller simulacrum. Words like rattlin, growin, cuttin, swingin, and makin, assist the use of dialect in making you hear the poem in your head.Ellipsis also seems to create familiarity with reader as if there is no need to standardise the English, as you might to someone of importance. Dialect and Ellipsis often seem to give this effect, although often, in reality, familiarity is not intended or intentional. Also, the lines An is up an down up an down In an out, in an out, give a fuller picture as the rhythm gives a wave effect. In the onomatopoeic haggle swish- swishing you can al well-nigh hear the sloshing around as the boat hunker is cuttin water. The use of personification in The Fringe of the Sea in the give-and-take murmurs sounds like an undercurrent or maybe even a lover or a mother, gently whispering to the metaphoric sandless highways. Strange, that you have the word mutterin in Windjammer. This word personifies a moody threatening presence, like some sullen child muttering under their breath. These key words are totally opposite in their effect. The line Sun bussin me skin, in Windjammer, is also personification. It brings to mind a picture, of a comfy brown shoe, being polished.Like the sun is rubbing away at the narrators cheeks. In this line, there is use of alliteration of the sibilant sound S. Its a hissing sound, so it seems the author is annoyed that he is going to keep up sunburnt. This line is followed by Ah bound to peel, An me done so black already. Which is bantering and he seems to be self-ridiculing in his unfortunate situation. Opposite to this, the personification in The Fringe of the Sea is totally serious, as is the whole poem. The poet describes the seas call. This gives the effect of federal agency and possession, like man is the seas servant.The lines with songs and tides a nd endless boatways, and undulate patterns and moods. give the impression of a powerful, varied and vibrant presence, ever changing. This is ironic since the sea is endless and is presumed to be always the same. Situational Comedy is extensively used in Windjammer. When A. L Hendriks writes Is alright for dem sailor An talkin bout how is ah calm day. If dis is calm, well, saviour help, Ah wouldnt want to see when it rough. This shows the narrators fear and puzzlement in the poem.There is frivolity in the use of the vulgarisms wish to god, Jesus help and Watch yu arse or yu head gone. They really do express and emphasise the narrators funny anguish. No comedy at all is used in The Fringe of the Sea it is completely serious, meek and unassuming- too respectful to poke fun at the sea. The use of rhetorical questions enhances the parody of Windjammer who sen me eh? Who sen me? In The Fringe of the Sea there are no rhetorical questions, everything is stated as fact. The simple sta tements do not digest for doubt.The Fringe of the Sea is my favourite poem out of the two. Everything in it is pensive, float along with dream like quality, with the wise, intelligent man in his absolute world. But my favourite line has to come from Windjammer as this poem has so much enthusiasm, even in the terrible situation that the man is in. The furthest line is the best Dem seasick pills dont work incomplete It seems that it was an afterthought, not as important as the rest of the poem, but it gives you the most insight into the narrators feelings and is definitely the most amusing and witty.With the words trailing collide with to leave you wondering. The character in Windjammer seems very carefully thought out by the poet but somehow unrealistic and over the top in his manner. You cant help having a sneaking suspicion that for all his complaint, the author likes and respects the sea really. This is an actual similarity to The Fringe of the Sea as the character here, is also very unrealistic, but for the opposite reason. Where, in Windjammer the complaining character and seasick situation seems too bad, in The Fringe of the Sea the gentle character and faultless situation seem too good.

Program Design Essay

Your final cast off ac realiseledge be to analyze, end, and document a simple architectural plan that utilizes a good design process and incorporates sequential, selection and repetitive chopineming statements as ca commit as at least one function entreat and the office of at least one array. The specific problem you remove to solve for the final project is Design a program that impart allow a exploiter to Input a number of your family peniss along with their term and state where they reside. Determine and ingrain the middling duration of your family and print the name of anyone who live in Texas.1. Problem definition Design a program that leave allow a substance ab user to Input a list of your family members along with their age and state where they reside. Determine and print the middling age of your family and print the label of anyone who live in Texas. Note Your pseudcode, flow-chart and campaign cases leave alone be submitted next week.1 a) keep open t he problem statements as of what is bear ated to solve this problem.autonomic nervous system1a)First, I must get to a program that pull up stakes allow the user to arousal a list of their family members that leave behind include their age and state of residence. The program pull up stakes too compute and print give a focus the ordinary age of the family as well as print out the names of every family member that resides in the state of Texas.1 b) Write your analysis of the problem and the design approaches that you will take to solve this problem.Ans 1b)To begin with, I must jelloff identify the input discipline. From the problem definition, I gathered that I will consecrate 3 types of input data and they argon Family Members Names, mature, and State of Residence. The take data will consist of the average age of all the members of the family. in any case I need an output signal signal printout of each family member that reside in Texas. Therefore, in my program I must be able to allow the user to input the information needed to deem the average age of the family. To compute the output, I needto effect a formula that will give us the correct output information.The following formula hind end be use to achieve the desired outputAverage Age of Family equals the total of family members ages divided up by the number of family members Family that lives in Texas = Show the names of all family members IF they live in TexasTo begin my design, I need to embed the variables that will control both our input information and output data. For my input data, I will use Name to identify the family members name. Name will be practise as String Array data. I will use StateRes to identify the state of residence for each family member. StateRes will excessively be erect as String Array type data. I will use AgeOfMem to recognize the family members age and it will be set as an Integer Array data type. To get all of this information in a table format, I wil l have to create an array in order to display the inputs and outputs properly. My output variables, they will be AvegAgeFam to identify the Average age of the Family. This data will be set as Float due to the fact that an average number could kinda possibly be a decimal value. So to represent the output of showing all family that live in Texas, I will use ResOfTexas as a String data type. Now to answer cope with the requirements of this assignment, I must create a function. Im red ink to create a function that will output the Average age of the Family. Im overtaking to utilize the bet function so we arse also total and display how legion(predicate) family members live in Texas. Included will be the names of the function.The following formula will represent our numerate function Function AveAge (Age, Total, look) As Float sterilise AveAge = Total / CountWe must include loops in this program. The loops be going to be used to prompt the user to enter the information until the user is done. The Count function will be used to serve up attend the Average Family Age. There will also be an IF element added to help the program figure out the family members that live in Texas.1 c) Write the assumptions and limitations and how they will be handled in your project.Ans 1c)In my project, there ar numerous assumptions and limitations that are being handled in the pseudo code. First of all, this program is only intentional to calculate the average age of all the family members that the user will input. There is no other calculation that the program has been designed to do. Secondly, the program does not give the user any option or chance to return to inputting more family members if they forgot to do so at the beginning. This program was not designed to have a set limit to how many inputs the user could enter. This list could keep going on and on. This program is created to calculate and display both the Average age of family Members and the residents who live i n Texas. If the user wanted to display just one of the results, the user would have to do the whole program just to get one of the results. This is being handled by the pseudo code only being able to handle the calculations that are set. The user does not have the ability to let the program know how many family members will be entered before the user begins. To handle that, the Count function is being used in the psuedocode to obtain the correct output.1 d) Provide an alternative analysis and design approach showing a different focusing to solve the same problem definition of family member in Texas. As you have learned, a single problem can be solved in more than one way by using different programming earn, by choosing different logics etc. order us a different way of solving the same problem.Ans 1d) Now I must come up with an alternate design. I will have to compel sure that my even though my design will change, the output of the passkey problem must remain the same. I will al so have to keep the same user inputs as well. Taking a different approach in my pseudocode will make these changes possible.So for my 2nd analysis, the user inputs will remain the same from the original problem. The Family members Age, State, and Name will still beused. However, this time we will plant modules to be able to call up data when needed. We will have to call out subprograms in order to obtain the results we desire.. To begin with, we need to start with a Main module. This module is where the entire program is operated out of. Its also where the user input is entered in. The main module is the head of all of the modules that will be discussed next. I will also create call modules under the main module that will be set up to calculate the average age of the family members and to print out the names of those living in Texas. Next I will create the stand by module which is the Call Module. This module will hold the calculations to compute the average age of all the family members that the user enters. Finally, I will need to take in a results module. In this module, the user-entered family names will be used as input data. On the other hand, the output will only be those names of the family who live in Texas. This process will be conducted when we put an a IF statement within the module.Now I will construct my new design. So, just like the design before, I need to accommodate my variables. The variables will and should be the same due to the fact that the desired output has not changed. Therefore my declared variables will consist of the following restrain Name As String Array, Declare StateRes As StringArray, Declare AgeOfMem As Integer Array, Declare AveAgeFam As Float, Declare ResOfTexas As String, and Declare Count As Integer.Calculations ModuleIn this module, will use the formula that was used earlier in the first design. It is this formula that will compute the average age of the family. The average age will be determined by the sum of all t he family members ages divided by the number of family member. Therefore if Count was equal to 2 and AgeOfMem 0 was equal to 16, and Age 1 = 20. So the AveAgeFam was equal to AgeOfMem0 + Age1 divided by Count This would be a total of 16 + 20 / 2 = 18.Finally, I would need to come up with a way for the names of members who live in Texas to be printed out. The psuedocode would use the StateRes arraydata type to search for the user input of Texas. Then, it would display the names associated with that accompaniment element. So if State1 was equal to Texas, then any name such as Name1=James inside the name array would be printed. Therefore, the output would look like this James. This modular design would be an alternate way to complete the same results and output as originally described in the first example. The major pieces of this design consists of the arrays, modules, functions, and the loops. This will provide us with the outputs that are required from the initial questions asked.

Detailed Overview Of Space Shuttles Engineering Essay

a? station dames atomic number 18 recoverable ballistic contraction intentional to be employ as a entrap fomite for worldly c oncern- compassing try let ons and as a short-run research platform.Earlier rocket locomotive engines were employ for puting spacemans and equipments in the outer(a)(a) limitless. But rocket salads could be utilize merely one time i.e. they were non recyclable. The aspect process of reclaimable eternal tinkers damn that could be launched like garden rocket and do to come in the worldly concern s ambiance like an carpenters throwe appealed NASA. It began planing and measuring cost of distance red cent.Finally, by and by umteen an(prenominal) senile ages of mental synthesis and testing, the shucks was ready to wing and the woolgather became truth. As we will be intimate in inside datas.A ) Definition1 ) Etymology immortal madam dwells of 2 words dummy property ( n. ) Century1300, an count onry, extent, sweep, oversi ght of clip, aphetic of one-time(a) French espace, A fromA Classical Latin spatiumA room, country, distance, stretch of clip, of unknown beginning. astronomic sense experience of leading deepnesss is first recorded 1667 in Paradise Lost. station is nt remote at all. It s merely an hr s shake cancelled off if your auto could pass conse diagonalive upwards. Sir Fred Hoyle, London Observer, 1979 Space ( v. ) 1703, to company up at cast intervals, fromA spaceA ( n. ) . Meaning to be in a province of drug-induced euphory is recorded from 1968.A Space cadetA bizarre individualist disconnected with serviceman ( frequently connoting an familiarity with hallucinogenic drugs ) is a 1960s phrase, likely traceable to fifties coupled States sci-fi telecasting plan Tom Corbett, Space Cadet, which was watched by many another(prenominal) kids who dreamed of turning up to be one and succeeded. dollcock Shuttle ( n. ) Old English scytelA a dart, pointer, from Wes t Germanic skutilaz ( Old Norse skutillA harpoon ) from Proto-Germanic skut-A under winning . The weaving instrument so called ( 1338 ) from being stroke across the togss. In some other linguistic communications, the machine defends its call from its resemblance to a boat ( Classical Latin navicula, Gallic navette, German weberschiff ) . Sense of train that runs back and Forth is foremost recorded 1895, from epitome of the weaver s instrument s back-and-forth motion over the departure extended to aircraft 1942, to spacecraft 1969. Hence alsoA razzingcockA ( 1522 ) .Shuttle ( v. ) 1550, move quickly to and fro, fromA shuttleA ( n. ) sense of exactance via a shuttle service is recorded from 1930.2 ) Definition at that place ar many definitions for unfathomable bird a rocket-launched ballistic condensation able to set down like an un indexed aircraft, used for journeys between humanity and trade revolving the world. A reclaimable ballistic capsule with go for pictureled descent in the ambiance, designed to comport spacemans between Earth and an orbiting unbounded station and likewise used to deploy and recover orbiters. A absolute transit system ( STS ) developed by NASA. Consisting of a reclaimable, winged artificial major planet ( what most people think of as the Space Shuttle ) , a set of recoverable supporter projectiles, and a rip out ar muchd fleck fomite. B ) What is inexhaustible bird?We clear state it is any vehicle capable of going repeatedly between the Earth s uprise and outer sempiternal transporting people or lading Any vehicle capable of repeatedly going between finishs in outer innumerous transporting people or lading1 ) Space tradeIt is a trade or machine designed for space extend. Spacecraft atomic number 18 used for a assortment of intents, including communications, earth observation, weather forecasting, pilotage, planetal geographicalal expedition and immortal touristry. Spacecraft an d immortal travel are common subjects in plants of scientific discipline fiction.a ) Space birdThe Space Shuttle, portion of the Space conveyancing System ( STS ) , and it is the chief portion of this trade, Space Shuttle on NASA s America, which is officially called Space Transportation System ( STS ) , is the ballistic capsule is used by the Government of the United States manned unbounded flight, is plan to be withdrawn from service in 2010.At launch, the shuttle consists of* External fuel fit out assail vehicle is orange in colour.A * Rockets to force 2 solid-fuel, thin white supremacists and the SRB.* The send, which is a vehicle similar to the aircraft wing, which repre moves the blank bird sess transport heavy equipment into space, every bit life-threatening as transporting orbiter launched into measureless.The bird can be transferred spacemans to outer distance and convey them back to Earth with a warhead of up to 32 dozenss of profitless orbiters and worlds a nd equipment. One of the chief advantages of this vehicle is that it is reclaimable vehicle.B ) SatelliteA orbiter is an object which has been placed into orbit by human enterprise. much(prenominal) objects are sometimes called unreal orbiters to separate them from natural orbiters such as the mope.The offset printing unreal orbiter, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. By 2010 1000s of orbiters nominate been launched into orbit intimately the Earth. These originate from more than 50 states and have used the orbiter establishing capablenesss of 10 states. A few hundred orbiters are presently operational, whereas 1000s of fresh orbiters and orbiter fragments orbit the Earth as numberless dust. A few infinite investigations have been placed into orbit around other ingrained structures and go unreal orbiters to the slug, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.Satellites are used for a big compute of intents. Common types include armament and civilian Earth observa tion orbiters, communications orbiters, pilotage orbiters, conditions orbiters, and research orbiters. Space Stationss and human ballistic capsule in orbit are besides orbiters. Satellite orbits castrate greatly, depending on the intent of the orbiter, and are classified in a figure of ways. Well-known ( overlapping ) categories include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.Satellites are normally semi-independent computing machine controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many undertakings, such as power coevals, thermic control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.degree Celsius ) RocketsA projectile or projectile vehicle is a missile, ballistic capsule, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains push by chuck expedition a jet of fast locomotion fluid from a projectile engine. The action of the fluid against the interior of burning Chamberss and enlargement noses is able to rush along up the fluid to laid-backly high velocity, and this exerts a big unstable push on the projectile ( an equal and opposite reaction harmonizing to northward s 3rd jurisprudence ) .Rockets, in military and recreational utilizations, sidereal day of the month back to at least the thirteenth century. Significant scientific, interplanetary and industrial role did non happen until the 20th century, when rocketry was the enabling engineering of the Space Age, including puting pes on the Moon.Rockets are used for pyrotechnics, arms, expulsion sit down, launch vehicles for unreal orbiters, human space travel and geographic expedition of other planets. age relatively inefficient for low velocity usage, they are authentically light and powerful, capable of bring forthing big accelerations and of achieving highly high velocities with sensible efficiency. chemical substance projectiles are the most common type of projectile and they typically make out their fumes by the burning of projectile propellent. Chemical projectiles store a big sum of energy in an easily-released signifier, and can be really unsafe. However, careful design, proving, building and usage minimizes hazards.vitamin D ) AutomatonsRobot of the infinite is a mechanical device able to transport out operations of pre-programmed and program line the national creation are normally hard and unsafe Activities such as seeking for revelation of the ambiance and gaining control images of infinite, infinite trim and the universe of modern engineering serves.after a batch of the design of the technology, employ scientists succeeded in doing a zombi can swim in infinite.The living dead has unreal intelligence and have the ability to acknowledge Patterns, place systems, net and decision with the development.They can travel, talk and have ability to gaining control and transport of objects.the head of automaton transportation the computing machine signal to information, it can transport them out, so change over them to computing machine once moreit has ability to ch ange over audio signals are captured by a mike to a group of written words that the automaton understood and stored in a package of automaton that can psycho abridgment and simulation to understand natural linguistic communication.C ) Use1 ) Advantages of infinite birdsinfinite bird has ability to research the infinite by traveling spacemans to the surface of Moon to profit their societies. Peoples have begun to cognize about infinite and astronomical intents.that have make it possible to detect mountains and craters on the Moon and planets Has proceeded so far more work forces on the Moon, and completed a broad scope of remote-controlled agencys to the Moon and several(prenominal)(prenominal) planets. Discovered during the ancient 10 quondam(a) ages entirely more than 150 planets outside our solar system. on planet of Earth, universe citizens have reaped tremendous benefits from infinite geographic expedition with infinite bird that support communicating, pilotage and meteoro logical systems, in add-on to other distant detection. And contri just nowed to the engineering associated with infinite geographic expedition and scientific cognition had been gained in the industry of reckoners and robotic first-class public presentation, provinces are active in the field of infinite flight has been sent ballistic capsule mechanism other than worlds to all the planets in our solar system. We expect that humans walking on the Moon once more.The infinite bird encompass 11 infinite bird flights to infinite through scientific experiments conducted in the station, to better life on Earth and pave the manner for future infinite geographic expedition. the Lunar Reconnaissance artificial satellite and its secondary warhead, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, from the United States. entangle all of those flights on some international cooperation.2 ) Disadvantages of infinite birdsEach infinite bird flight destroys 0.25 % of the ozone bed, the people in t he remainder of the universe are now reasoning about the assorted theories that attempt to explicate the causes of the ozone hole, infinite bird flights destroy the ozone bed, The 300 flight of the bird will look at to the devastation of the ozone bed wholly and so infinite bird missions, which releases considerable measures of toxic chemicals in every second from the minute of launch, the usage of liquid-fuel engine cleansing agent in the missiles because they are more expensive than the dry-fuel engines. In add-on, there is besides the hazard of Damage on the land, if debris re-entry into Earth s ambiance.II ) HistoryA ) Space history1 ) Space theoriesGalileo Galilei ( 1564- 1642 ) is a physicist and uranologist who was born in Pisa, Italy. Galileo make a large part in the field of uranology. Galileo made the first complete astronomical telescope, discovered that the Moon is dark but it is reflecting with a reflected visible radiation from the cheer, he discovered that the surf ace of the Moon is nt level, it has uneven mountains, he besides discovered that the Milky Way consist of many separate stars.Galileo discovered the four largest orbiters of Jupiter in 1610, he canvass the egg-shaped form of Saturn but his telescope restriction halt him from the closing of Saturn s rings. He besides discovered the stages of Venus, the musca volitanss on the Sun and he confirmed his credence of the Copernican theory of the solar system2 ) The dream became trueThe development of big liquid-fueled projectile engines in the first of the twentieth century rented the dream of researching the outer infinite to go true. Physical infinite geographic expedition happened through both human space travels and robotic ballistic capsules. Space geographic expedition helped in progressing scientific research, unifying many states, developing military advantages, and guaranting the future endurance of humanity.B ) Detecting SpaceDuring the World fight II, German scientists took the first stairss into the outer infinite while proving theV2 projectile, the V2 projectile became the first human-made object in infinite. After the war, German scientists began to do projectiles in plans for military and civilian research. The cosmic radiation experiment which was launched by the U.S. on a V2 projectile in 1946 was the first scientific geographic expedition. In the uniform twelvemonth the first images of Earth was taken.In 1947, the first carnal experiment was achieved by raising fruit flies into infinite on a modified V2 projectile that was launched by Americans. But these experiments merely made a really short clip in infinite which was nt utile plenty. at that place was a infinite race between the Soviet Union and the United provinces. The Soviet Sputnik Satellite mission in 1957 was the first successful orbital launch, it went around the Earth at a tallness of 250 kilometer. It had two radio receiver senders which made bleeps that could be heard by wirelesss around the Earth. The wireless signals analysis was used to garner information about the negatron denseness of the ionosphere. 2 months subsequently, the American infinite plan unsuccessfully tried to establish forefront 1 into orbit. In 1958, the U.S. successfully launched Explorer 1 on a Juno projectile, while the Soviet Canis familiaris Laika became the first animate being in the infinite in 1957.In 1961, Vostok 1 which carried the 27 sure-enough(a) ages old Russian Yuri Gagarin, was the first successful human space travel. The ballistic capsule orbited the universe in 1 hr and 48 proceedingss. It was a presentation of the advanced Soviet infinite plan.Yuri GagarinAfter one month, the U.S. launched a individual into infinite in Mercury-Redstone 3, John Glenn s Mercury-Atlas 6. The first adult female in the infinite was Valentina Tereshkova who orbited the Earth 48 times in 1963.48 old ages after Vostok 6, China launched Yang Liwei in Shenzhou 5 ballistic capsule.C ) Space Shutt le DevelopmentNear the terminal of the Apollo infinite plan, NASA functionaries were looking to the American infinite plan s hereafter. They were utilizing one-shot, disposable projectiles. They needed something that was cheaper than a projectile, possibly something that was reclaimable. They liked the thought of a reclaimable infinite bird that could establish like a projectile and land like an aeroplane, and they thought that it would be a honorable accomplishment.NASA and many aerospace companies began to plan, cost and applied scientist surveies on a infinite bird, they besides explored the constructs.In 1972, death chair Nixon announced that NASA would develop a reclaimable infinite bird or STS ( infinite transit system ) .NASA decided that the infinite bird would dwell of an satellite attached to a solid projectile supporters and an external fuel fit out flake vehicle.By that clip, ballistic capsules used ablative arouse shields that would fire away when the ballistic c apsule move into the Earth s ambiance, so, for the infinite bird to be reclaimable, they have to put on a different scheme. The interior decorators of the infinite bird thought that they can cover the infinite bird with many insulating ceramic tiles that could absorb the heat of the infinite shuttle re-entry without harming the spacemans.The infinite bird was meant to wing like a plane, more like a sailplane during the landing place. The interior decorators built a working satellite to prove the flowing design, but it was nt built to travel into the outer infinite. That satellite was called the Enterprise after the Star Trek sprout spaceship. The Enterprise flew many flight and landing trials, where it was launched from a Boeing 747 and glided to a landing at Edwards parentage Forse Base in California.Finally, after many old ages of building and proving including the satellite, chief engines, external fuel armored invade vehicle and solid projectile supporters, the bird was ready to wing and travel into the outer infinite. NASA made four birds which are capital of South Carolina , discovery , Atlantis and challenger .D ) Trips and CatastrophesIn 1981 was the first flight with a infinite bird Colombia . Astronauts John unseasoned and Robert Crippen piloted the infinite bird Colombia. Colombia performed good and the other birds shortly made several successful flights.In 1986, the bird Challenger exploded in a flight and the whole caboodle was lost. NASA stop the shuttle plan for several old ages, while the grounds of the Challenger catastrophe were unknown and being investigated. After many old ages, the infinite bird flew once more and NASA built a revolutionary bird Endeavour to replace Challenger the shuttle fleet.In 2003, while the shuttle Colombia was re-entering the Earth s ambiance, it broke up over Texas, the United States. The loss of Colombia was because of a piece of spume insularity in the size of a briefcase broke off the infinite shuttle external armored combat vehicle under the aerodynamic forces of launch. The debris struck the taking border of the left wing, that damaged the bird s TPS, which protect the bird from the heat of re-entering the Earth s ambiance. NASA stopped the infinite bird plan after the accident and worked difficult to do some alterations and return the birds to wing once more.The exact words of the President George W. Bush were This twenty-four hours has brought awful intelligence and great unhappiness to our countryA The Columbia is lost there are no subsisters. And he announced that the infinite plan would go on The cause in which they died will go on. Our journey into infinite will travel on. In 2006, the bird uncovering lost spume from its external fuel armored combat vehicle. NASA stopped the infinite bird plan once more and the scientists struggled to work out the job. The Discovery was launched two times in 2006, the first clip was in July and once mor e in December, harmonizing to NASA, this launch was the most photographed shuttle mission in history. The Atlantis was launched in September 2006, after hold due to endure, a job with the fuel cell and a faulty detector reading.The infinite birds are a antic technological progress, but they are limit when it comes to how much warhead they can take into orbit. The birds are nt the heavy twist vehicles like the Saturn V or the Delta projectiles. The bird ca nt travel to high heights orbits or get away the gravitative field of the Earth to go to Mars or the Moon. NASA is presently researching and seeking a new constructs to establish vehicles which van travel to the Moon or Mars.The Colombia CrewIII ) How does infinite shuttle work?A ) Space bird theorySpace bird theory is about get rid of gravitation by acquiring on a velocity of the similar velocity to get away from the ambiance. It is a interlinking to cognize how to bid the 4.5 million lb ( 2.05 million kilogram ) bird from the tablet to revolve ( 115 to 400 miles/185 to 643 kilometers ) above the Earth.B ) Taking off and set downinga? Taking offOn the twenty-four hours of a launch, after the concluding clasp in the countdown at T minus 9 proceedingss, the Shuttle goes through its concluding readyings for launch, and the countdown is automatically controlled by the Ground assemble Sequencer ( GLS ) , package at the install Control midway, which stops the count if it senses a critical job with any of the Shuttle s on-board systems. The GLS work force off the count to the Shuttle s on-board computing machines at T minus 31 seconds, in a procedure called car period start.a? LandingWhen a mission is finished and the bird is center(prenominal) around the universe from the set downing site ( Kennedy Space Center, Edwards Air Force Base ) , mission control gives the bid to come place, which prompts the crew to1-Close the lading bay doors. In most instances, they have been winging nose-first and upside down, so they so fire the RCS pushers to turn the satellite cornerstone foremost.2-Once the satellite is tail foremost, the crew fires the OMS engines to decelerate the satellite down and fall back to Earth it will take about 25 proceedingss before the bird reaches the speeding ambiance.3-During that clip, the crew fires the RCS pushers to flip the satellite over so that the underside of the satellite faces the ambiance ( about 40 grades ) and they are traveling nose foremost once more.4-Finally, they burn left over fuel from the forward RCS as a safety safeguard because this country encounters the highest heat of re-entry.C ) Inside controlWhen we are speaking about the inside control we know at once that the spaceman is a really of import individual to command the bird, and is a individual trained by a human space travel plan to command, pilot, or serve as a crew section of a ballistic capsule. While by and large reserved for professional infinite travellers.IV ) Space shutt le constituentsA ) Outside1 ) Space Shuttle Tanka ) External TankIs vehicle that contains two liquids are hydrogen fuel and O oxidant. During acclivity it supplies the fuel and oxidant under force per unit area to the common chord infinite bird chief engines, external armored combat vehicles have non been re-used.The ET is the anchor of the bird during launch, supplying strong support for fond regard with the SRBs ( solid projectile supporters ) and satellite. This armored combat vehicle connected to the satellite and the SRBs.Over the old ages, NASA has worked to cut down the free weight of the ET to increase overall efficiency.LOX ( liquefied Oxygen Tank ) is at the top of the ET ( external armored combat vehicle ) , its Length ( 16.6A m ) Diameter ( 8.4A m ) .LH2 ( Liquid hydrogen Tank ) is at the underside of the external armored combat vehicle, The armored combat vehicle is constructed of four cylindrical barrel subdivisions, the barrel subdivisions are joined together by five major pealing frames, the LH2 armored combat vehicle has a volume of 53,488A three-dimensional pess ( 1,514.6A M3 ) . its Length ( 29.6A m ) Diameter ( 8.4A m ) .ET thermic security system system consists chiefly of sprayed-on froth insularity, Thermal isolators are required for liquid H armored combat vehicle fond regards to prevent the liquefaction of air on open metal, and to cut down heat flow into the liquid H.Development of the ETs thermic protection system has been so difficult consisted of a battery power beginning, a receiving system, aerials and munition.B ) Internalit joins the LOX armored combat vehicle and the HL2 armored combat vehicle.The internal armored combat vehicle length is ( 6.9A m ) , diam is ( 8.4A m )2 ) Two projectilesThose are called SRBs ( Solid Rocket Booster ) used during the first two proceedingss of powered flight, SRBs provide the chief push to raise the bird off the up to an height of about 46A kilometers, the two SRBs rent the weight of the external armored combat vehicle and satellite and convey the weight burden, the SRBs are the largest solid-propellant motors of all time flown, each SRB weighs about 1,300,000 lbs at launch.SRBs constituents are keep down stations, electrical power distribution, hydraulic power units, thrust vector control, rate gyro assemblies, and propellent.3 ) The organic structureis the orbital ballistic capsule of the Space Shuttle plan, the satellite is a reclaimable winged ballistic capsule , the ballistic capsule can transport crews, the Orbiter looks like an aircraft with double-delta wings.The Orbiter s crew cabin consists of three degrees the flight deck, the mid-deck, and the public-service corporation country. The upper 1 is the flight deck which seats the pilot, with two mission specializers behind them. The mid-deck, which is below the flight deck, has three more seats for the remainder of the crew members, and the galley, lavatory, sleep locations, and storage cabinets beside s on the mid-deck.The Thermal Protection System ( TPS ) covers the exterior of the Orbiter, protecting it from the cold immerse of -121 AC in infinite to the 1649 AC heat.The satellite is made chiefly from aluminum metal, although the engine push construction is made from Ti metal.Its length ( 37.24 m ) tallness ( 17.25 m ) empty weight ( 68,585 kilogram ) .The crew ( 6-7 commandant, Pilot, 4-5 military mission Specialists and/or Payload Specialists , 2 Commander and Pilot for lower limit ) .V ) Manufacturing infinite birdVI ) Latest eventsFinally allow us turn to the latest events of infinite birds and the latest intelligence, engineerings, trips aaa..A ) Latest intelligenceDiscoveryIn 19/4/2010 The infinite bird Discovery and its spacemans arrived back on Earth, A negligee up a 15-day, 6 million-mile journey to the International Space Station, taking a rare flight way that carried them over America s heartland.ADiscovery commanding officer Alan Poindexter and pilot James Dutton guided the trade, set downing on Runway 33 at Kennedy Space Center around 908 ante meridiem ET.AThe sky over NASA s Florida landing strip cleared plenty at dawn to give Mission Control the assurance to convey the seven spacemans place. An hr before the scheduled 908 ante meridiem touchdown, commanding officer Poindexter and his copilot fired the braking projectiles and began their descent.AIt was Discovery s thirty-eighth flight and penultimate flight.AAtlantisAtlantis bird has made 31 flights and now is being prepared for the following flight. Space shuttle Atlantis was move to the launch tablet in 22/4/2010 inA readying for the STS-132 mission, targeted for launch May 14 at 219 p.m.B ) Latest engineerings Lockheed X-33 Launch Vehicle A is the paradigm for the new infinite bird to be used by NASA in the twenty-first century. Developed a usage Field-Programmable-Gatearray ( FPGA ) utilizing the verilog linguistic communication for an Advanced Flight Experiment. When command ed, this FPGA reads informations from the Advanced Gyro, Accelerometers, and Temperature detectors, so transmits the information back to the flight computing machine.Through the usage of the raising organic structure form, composite liquid fuel armored combat vehicles, and the aerospike engine, A NASAA andA Lockheed MartinA hoped to prove wing a trade that would show the viability of aA single-stage-to-orbitA ( SSTO ) design. An SSTO trade would non adopt external fuel armored combat vehicles or supporters to make low-earth orbit. fashioning off with the demand for presenting with launch vehicles, such as with the Shuttle and the Apollo projectiles, would take to an inherently more dependable and safer infinite launch vehicle. While the X-33 would non show up airplane-like safety, the X-33 would try to show that 0.997 dependability, or 3 bad lucks out of 1,000 launches, which would be an order of magnitude more dependable than the Space Shuttle system, was accomplishable. The 1 5 planned experimental X-33 flights could merely get down this statistical rating.

Advantages of Strategic Intent Thinking Essay

IntroductionThough strategic intent opinion and strategic planning aim at one thing, they are rather different from one another. The former involves development and application of high-level and droll business strategies with the aim of attaining competitive advantage for the firm. Strategic intent functions firms to guidance on new capabilities to tap hereafter opportunities. The notion is internally focused and has serious implications on how a business competes. The execute is characterized by immense and long-term target, and relates sense of urgency as well as lengthens attention. The major(ip) purpose of strategic intent is to help organizations share a communal intention in order survive business competition and aline to changes in the business world.Strategic planning is defined by (Miztberg, 1994) as an analysis of business operations. The analysis involves breaking business goals into manage satisfactory parts, scheming how steps are implemented and estimating t he anticipated outcomes of each goal. According to this definition, the process elaborate goals and strategies that already exist. Strategic planning supports strategies that have been developed by strategic thinking.The two processes aims at raising the performance of the firm. However, they have portentous differences. Strategic intent thinking is intent focused. It allows managers and all other stakeholders to displume themselves for as long as a certain strategy works. When apply to Costco Company, it so-and-so be noted that Costco employees are well paid, which eliminates workers turnover. This fashion that the employees at Costco are motivated to ensure strategy works no government issue the time it takes.Strategic intent thinking takes into consideration the past, the present and the future, unlike strategic planning which considers the future only. This means that strategy should not be driven by the future intent alone. The gap between instantly and tomorrow is ver y important when devising a business strategy. In addition to this, strategic intent think is responsive to business opportunities. This means that managers who employ this system of thinking are able to identify future opportunities and prepare to take them. Costco seems to employ this strategy. The company managers anticipate its sales to overture by 2017 because of the increased use of the internet. Internet continues to create new command for goods and services. This means that Costco must revise its goals and missions to tap the demand being created by the use of the internet.According to( DeGeus ,1988) the traditional view of strategy emphasizes on the degree to which a business fits between current opportunities and existing resources while strategic intent brings misfit between ambitions and resources. He further argues that the process requires a soma of people who should understand their organizations work. This way, they will be able to think strategically and work to wards achieving organizational goals.Back to our case study, it can be noted that Costco understands that a business does not operate in vacuum. With this in mind, Costco strives to conserve the environment by reducing greenhouse bungle emissions. This is one way of cutting down operational costs, and can help the company achieve a competitive advantage. On the other hand, Costco pays its employees more(prenominal) salary than the industry average. This way, Costco is able to operate at serene environment, which has no disruptions such as strikes.ReferencesDeGeus, A. P. (1988, March/April). Planning as learning. Harvard Business Review, 70-74.Mintzberg, H. (1994). The oarlock and rise of strategic planning. Harvard Business Review, 107-114.

Black People and Grandfather Essay

8. How stern the ambition at the end of the story be related to the major incidents that enclose it? The dream at the end of the story is about the circus with his grandfather. He refused to laugh at the clowns no matter what they did. There is a alliance between clowns at circus and the colored boy in bout royal. They are forced to entertain the white man and are treated as if they are no better than animal. The seemingly endless series of envelopes implies that inequality still rest for a long time until black man fall of weariness and white society will continue to create clowns for their entertainment.9. Given the grandfathers advice, explain how meekness can be a dangerous activity and a weapon against oppression. In the ending bed the grandfather told his son as well as his grandson keep up a good fight. Live with your head in the lions mouth, the grandfather want his son to get to for himself a mask of meekness, overcome white persons with yeses, underline them with grins, agree them to death and destruction.This meekness is considered as dangerous activity because their family as well as many black men in recent society is controlled and loaded by the white man. Becoming the whites favorite is the completely way to survive. However meekness is non the same as surrender, it seems to be a shield to conceal a deeper revolutionary spirit. The grandfather bequeathed to his grandson not only strategy to live with the lion but also a weapon against oppression.

Later Adulthood Development Essay

During our aliveness clock time it is inevitable that we leave whole grow sometime(a). People 65 an ripened argon sprightliness longer lives. This duration group has been increasing everyplace the years with the help of new technology. During this stage in life we depart go through many life transformations. First we testament alteration non only physically, but mentally, and emotionally, and complaisantly. Our roles in life will wobble drastically and if not put ind it will not be a smooth transition. If a somebody was once very in certified in their younger years and now will enquire to be dependent on others for promoteance it could become a big problem. They may get through up help with basic daily health needs such as bathing, cooking or may need help getting just about t give. There are many assistant living facilities that will assist them if needed. Another issue in aging is they may become victims of crimes. elder slew require physical limitati ons that will make it harder for them to defend themselves. inequality will now become another issue that they will consume to face. It may be hard for them to land a job at this age because many companies might be worried that they will everlastingly be out of work or roll in the hayt physically do the job.Compare living accommodations such as accessibility and the need for health care There are numerous nursing facilities for the ripened to live in. In the past these facilities were ran like institutions and less like a home. The new facilities are well equipped with everything they would postulate in their own homes. Facilities provide entertainment, loving gatherings, everything you would need to eff your elder years. Many elderly race would prefer to live and maintain their own households with their spouses and not have to resort to mental quickness living. Health care is important to the elderly genesis because they are more apet to have health problems. Because of the increasing cost of health care Medicare and Medicaid programs were put in place to reduce the cost of health care for this age group. Another medical checkup issue for the elderly is that Physicians are primarilytrained in treating young people and the elderly does not receive the quality care they need. In that age group medical care is crucial for their survival because they are more frail and ghastly than the younger generation.The transition from work to retirement is a major part in anyones life. Mandatory retirement was once created for people age 65 an previous(a), it was meant to abolish the oversupply of available workers. Congress eventually halt this law because it was discriminating towards the elderly. Retiring is a major adjustment in life for those who worked there whole lives. One of the many adjustments are living on a smaller income, and no interaction from fellow coworkers. hearty Security benefits is a financial assistance program for retired people 65 and up but it was never intended to make a person financially independent. It is im likely to live comfortably just off of social security checks alone.About 95 percent of older adults receive societal Security for 18 percent of them, Social Security is their only income. Americans who did not prepare themselves finically will need to work for the rest of their lives. Those who did not prepare themselves for retirement will have to worry about bills and possible have to rely on government assistance. Those who did prepare themselves financially will not have to worry about money an can enjoy their leisure time and enjoy the many things that they werent able to do while working such as traveling, golfing, etc. Many people at this stage will get bored an unfulfilled without a job to go too.Volunteering their time and possible a part time job are a few ways an elderly gallus can do to stay productive and be a change citizen. Older people volunteering their time can also lead to a higher feel of worth and self-esteem. Many changes go in in marriage, family, and peer relationships when we grow older. Older people are married they are happier than the non-married ones. When we age we will have to understand that one spouse will have to take care of their spouse. The caretaking spouse will get frustrated, angry, overwhelmed with fondness for their spouse. When a spouse is ill this can drain the family savings and cater more stress over finances. When a spouse dies it can be very emotional for the spouse that is left behind they will cast down to experience loneliness, depression and will have more things to take care of on their own. The surviving spouse will have to be emotionally ready to move on with life without their mate. Peer relationships will also change becausefriends are sick and dying and reminds them that the end is near.This can lead to elderly people staying in the house and distancing themselves from other people and family. Some elderly begin to live with family and like the idea that they are around their loved ones. Others do not want to put a burden on to their family and decide to move into a nursing facility instead. Living with someone else can become a major appall because they are used to living on their own. The social policies that affect the older adults are Medicaid, Medicare, social security benefits, and the older Americans act of 1965. Medicare was created to assist older people with the cost of health care. Everyone 65 and older will be eligible for this wait on. Everyone in the United States is eligible for some sort of social security benefit after retirement age if they worked. This Money is paid into the social security system from taxes from employees and employers. It is a certain amount of money given every month to offset the cost of living.Some elderly people live off just social security alone because they did not plan correctly for the future. If a person does not have any pensions, savings and other income it will not be abounding to live comfortable off of. . The Americans Act of 1965 is a law and its amendments and they are the basis for federal aid to states and local communities to meet the needs of the older generation. This law assists with an adequate income, physical and mental health, housing, employment opportunities. The final service made for the elderly is Medicaid. It provides services for low income families, and those who need public assistance. all(prenominal) state is different with the Medicaid benefits. When we age we will all change mentally, physically, physically and socially its all a part of this life cycle. With proper(ip) planning and research growing older can be a smooth transition in life. Financial planning, family support, resources are all unconditional can contributions to everything an older adult needs.ReferencesDale, O., Smith, R., Norlin, J. M., & Chess, W. A. (2009). Human behavior and the social environment Social systems t heory (6th ed.). Boston, MA Pearson.

Qnt-561 Week 1

Week quaternity Team report card xxxxxxxxxxxxxx QNT/561 August 1, 2012 xxxxxxxxx Week 4 Team Paper outmatch misdirect is a comp each that has 40 grades of memorial with a very accomplished sense of success. In 1966 scoop up debauch was a small electronics store in that originated in St. Paul manganese by Richard Schulze and an acquainted business partner. Considering that technology changes so rapidly, better(p) Buy has had to transform from just being the little electronics store down the bureau into a competitive, customer-driven, talent-powered company that emphasizes on pleasing the customers as it pertains to the life of technology.In 1993 Best Buy was recognized as the nations second largest electronics retailer and was recognized by Forbes in 2004 as the Company of the Year. However, in 2012 Best Buy had a huge layoff which resulted into 50 store closings. The competitors for Best defile include online stores like Amazon, Buy. com, Tiger direct and various(a) othe rs. Purpose Best Buy stores are located throughout the United States and every year additional employees are engage to help staff during the holiday eon (known as seasonal staffing and typically runs during holiday season).Higher head count is uneconomical and expensive. This poses an organizational dilemma can sales selective information be utilise to identify the appropriate number of temporary employees that need to be hired during the holiday season? Considering the sheer amount of stores that require temporary staffing data pull up stakes be collected from all its stores and used to identify the staffing needs. explore Design Give the nature of business of Best Buy numerical research should be applied. It involves gathering data and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data allurement (Glass & Hopkins, 1984).The aquiline variable that will be looked at is staffing levels. A dependent variable is one that is mensurable, predicted, or otherwise monitored and expected to affected by manipulation of an independent variable (Cooper & Schindler 2011). Because this data will only be measured once, harvests change and staffing levels, a descriptive quantitative design will be utilized. For an accu point estimate of the relationship between variables, a descriptive study usually needs a sample of hundreds or plain thousands of subjects (The Association for Educational Communications and Technology).The estimate of the relationship is less probable to be biased if you have a high participation rate in a sample selected randomly from a population. useable Definitions Operational Definitions Variable Definition Data of Interest 1 The number of products sold during the Holiday Season How will it be measured 1 If the product was sold between November 15 and January 5 Data of Interest 2 Number of temporary employees during the Holiday Season How will it be measured 2 If a temporary employee was active after November 15 and static after Jan uary 15 Sample Data Collection DesignsThere are various methods of collecting data such that the information collected can be used to draw inferences about the target population. The sales forecast is the break component for the problem statement and for accuracy it is important to know what consumers pick over Best Buy. Participation in business surveys is usually intended and the quality of the results depends crucially on the willingness of enterprises to co-operate. A promising approach to acquiring high response rates is to make compliance as painless as possible through good questionnaire design and rotation of respondents.It is withal important that the enterprises included in the survey should be convinced that the information they provide will be useful to the enterprises themselves in addition to any use it may have for macro-economic analysis. Conclusion Because the human oral sex cannot pluck the full import of a large mass of raw data, descriptive statistics are v ery important in reducing the data to tractable form. When in-depth, narrative descriptions of small numbers of cases are involved, the research uses description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerge during analysis.Those patterns aid the mind in comprehending a qualitative study and its implications. References Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed. ). saucy York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin. The Association for Educational Communications and Technology U. S. Department of Education Retrieved July 29, 2012 http//pr. bby. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=244152&p=irol-factsheet Retrieved July 29, 2012 http//www. startribune. com/business/157988175. html? refer=y Business mark Survey handbook

High School Credits and Graduation Requirements

Noemi Robles English 101 Arguing a Position Rough Draft High School Credits and first Requirements In 1997, Chicago raised its grade standards to well above what Illinois whence requires, asking all schoolchilds to complete all of the courses necessary for entry to belligerent cite universities(1). Mevery people believed that this may cause some(prenominal) students to fuddle out, but in reality, the gradation rates improved. Now, we ar currently veneer a state of matterwide dilemma. Mevery broad(prenominal) civilizes are cutting graduation requirements and victorious away classes that are important to both the students and teachers.I propose that every(prenominal) high inform nationwide should give way at least cardinal courses to don and that every student forget potash alum with a borderline of twenty-six credits. The most credits a student clear experience is twenty-eight which lead be applied in the system. Some schoolings lots(prenominal) as a high sch ool in Santa Ana, California allow their students graduate with at least two-hundred and forty credits essay generator reviews. In 2009, the district extremityed to reduce the credits to two-hundred and twenty so much students will graduate. By get down them its just like aspect we dont want to put our students to their full potential(2).Although two-hundred and forty seems like a lot, a course is worth a lot of credits as well which modal(a)s out neatly. It would be easier to get every school replace the number to twenty-eight and twenty-six so there isnt any confusion. The state of Texas already has this standard and in the past, the graduation requirements put one over changed numerous times. reducing graduation credits will not show things easier for students, but it will affect their performance when they are preparing for college.This issue should be addressed to everyone so every generation can curry for their futures and be successful. Many schools want to lowe r their graduation requirements so much students will finish school and so opposites wont have the urge to dropout. Another reason why overweight these requirements could benefit us is because it will cost less capital if nearly courses are taken out which means fewer teachers as well. 25 percent of all students, nearly forty-percent of Black and Hispanic kids run to graduate(3).This could overly help schools raise their discoverance and raise the graduation rates. Since many believe that lowering the graduation requirements is a good thing, they dont realize how much it could actually affect the students who are taking fewer courses. The reason we have schools is to prepare us for college and to prepare for adulthood. Schools benefit us mentally, physically, and emotionally. We choose to act with others, we learn about ourselves, and we learn different materials to help us witness the way things work and why we do them.Lowering the amount of credits inevitable to grad uate isnt going to make us smarter or help us prepare for our futures. There are many hardworking students who want to learn and taking away a few courses can affect many especially if it was a course students wanted to take. One disadvantage of lowering the graduation requirements is not being prepared for college and it could be harder to be authentic into a good college or university. According to a recent issue survey, an overwhelming eighty-one percent of high school students expect to attend college(4).Now a high school diploma isnt enough to find a good job and live on your own. A college graduate will have a better chance of obtaining that job which will make finding a job a lot more difficult, which is the blink of an eye disadvantage. Students need those extra classes that are being taken away to prepare them for college. Because too many students are not learning the basic skills necessary to succeed in college or work while they are in high school, the nation loses m ore than $3. 7 billion a course(4). A higher pedagogics can help lead to a rewarding career and a happier life.Students attending any high school should have many opportunities to succeed therefore we shouldnt even consider taking away any courses or lowering the amount of credits required to graduation. Another reason why we shouldnt lower the credits, is because many classes that students want to take as an elective may not be in the platform therefore, they wont have the chance to learn something they were looking forward to. Although there should be a number of required courses students should take, electives help students feel more fire to attend school and that elective could be something that they want to study in the future.Some AP courses may also be taken away if they were to lower the graduation requirements. Lastly, lowering the requirements will cause students to slack off in school because they will find it easier to graduate especially incoming freshmen who dont fully rede the importance the first year of high school, and can influence colleges and universities to lower their admission. Another high school in Scott County in Kentucky realized that they mandatory to make reforms after analyzing statistics that showed that forty-five percent of their incoming freshmen were likely to fail at least one ninth-grade class(5).Students should be godly to execute and if we lower their credits they wont have the opportunity to go as cold as they are willing to go. Most public high schools in California get their money to pay for teachers and programs by the state. The state pays for schools through revenue, funds, and grants. The money comes directly from 21. 8% state revenue, 38. 4% state cosmopolitan purpose revenue, 1. 6% state lottery revenue, 9. 2% federal, 21. 4% topical anesthetic property taxes and fees, and 7. 6% from other local revenue.The funds that are apply are unrestricted funds which can be used for any purposes and earmark ed funds which can be used for specific purposes. The grants that are assumption to schools consist of the base grant (funding for ordinary classroom operations), special education grant (additional flexibility in the use of special education funds), opportunity to learn grant (funding for compensatory instructional services for disadvantage students), instructional avail grant (funding for staff development and instructional services such as arts and technology programs), and charities (6).Money shouldnt be a big issue because schools can receive money in many ways. Morton High School zone 201 officials have cut the number of credits students need to graduate and lengthy class periods in what the board president calls the most effective and concrete way to save the district money(7). Even though they are continuation the school day, the graduation requirements have dropped which means students will be taking less classes then in advance.Since money seems to be the biggest iss ue, schools should encourage students to improve their attendance and get better grades because the school can receive more money from that. This obstacle can be solved with just a bittie hard work and dedication. Most children who attend public and private schools in the U. S. Spend between 175 to 185 days in the classroom a year and jazz a spend break between the months of June and September. The average length of the school day is six hours. U. S.Students spend approximately 30% less time in school than students in other modify nations, putting them at a disadvantage as they compete in the global arena(8). This is extremely important because we as a nation constantly want to become the best but yet the near generation is having a hard time competing in the global arena because the States isnt providing longer school days and more classes for our students. High school shouldnt be as long as six hours because many students work and others are in extra-curricular activities.Stu dents need that gap in order to complete any assignments and to get enough sleep for the next day. Summer vacation is also a benefit to students because students can relax, be with family, and do many other activities that they wouldnt be able to do if they were attending school. We believe that schools should not be lengthened but in order to prevent students from forgetting what they learned before school ends, they should complete some summer work, especially for math. AP courses give summer work to prepare students, but the work they receive will not be as much, so students wont become stressed.Students will still be able to enjoy their long break from school but have the opportunity to learn as well. If we lowered our graduation rates, there would be less high school dropouts, less classes being failed, more high school graduates, and school districts will be able to save more money if they cut classes that they thought werent important. If the requirements were made easier for students, they may be inspired to try more challenging courses as well. Although there are several(prenominal) key points to the opposing argument, students can still be challenged by having more courses to choose from.If the requirements are higher to graduate, they will try harder to achieve and students who enjoy participating in sports will be motivated to achieve because they have to be passing a certain amount of classes to be eligible. Overall, keeping the credits to at least twenty-six can benefit students in many ways. We should support students to try their best and to achieve their goals. Bibliography 1. Will aerodynamic lift High School first Requirements Cause More Students To Drop come to the fore?. 25 bump into 2013. http//www. achieve. org/files/ImproveGradRates. pdf. 2.Barboza, Tony. Santa Ana seeks to ease high school graduation requirement. Los Angeles Times. 08 Feb. 20091-2. 27 March 2013. http//articles. latimes. com/2009/feb/08/local. 3. Downey, Maureen. 26 March 2013. http//blogs. ajc. com/get-schooled-blog/2010/06/02. 4. Paying Double little High Schools and Community College Remediation. 27 March 2013. http//www. allyed. org/files/archive. 5. McCallumore, Kyle M. , and Ervin F. Sparapani. The importance of the ninth grade on high school graduation rates and student success in high school. Gale Student Resources in Context. Web. 29 March 2013. 6. How California Schools Get Their Money. 29 March 2013. http//www. cbp. org/pdfs. 7. Ruzich, Joseph. Morton High Schools Cut Graduation Requirements to Save Money. Chicago Tribune. 10 June 2010. Web. 28 March 2013. http//articles. chicagotribune. com/2010-06- 10/ intelligence service/ct-met-0611-morton-bells-20100610_1_president-jeffry-pesek-number-of-credits. 8. ProQuest Staff. At Issue School Schedule. ProQuest LLC. 2012 n. pag. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 29 March 2013.