Example Of Differentiation & Positioning

Figure 1. 1 is a positioning map showing our target customers' percetions of our brand versus competing products on important buying dimensions, which are price and quality. Here shows two of our competitors, one is mcdonald which has large market share with low percieved price and quality. Another is a famous snack shop called Fie Jie located in Mong Kok. It is perceived low price and a quite good quality. And you can also see the predicted position of our brand whcih is perceived high price and quality.In order to choose a differentiation and positioning strategy, we need to identify possible value differences and competitive advantages. It is clear that we have product differentiation. First, bur-dle is differ from traditional burgers that bur-dle use noodles instead of breads as the envelope. Second, bur-dle is portable noodles that can take away by hand. These value difference help bur-dle to gain competitve advantage to overcome its bad competitor environment. Then, what differ ence are bur-dle going to promote? The first one is important. Bur-dle is important to our target customers that it is portable and made to order.Portable is important to our target customers that they prefer to eat and walk on the street at the same time. Made to order is important to our target customers that they always prefer a fresh one. The second one is distinctive. Bur-dle is distinctive that it is portable noodles and concern about vegetarians. In fact, we provide bur-dle without meat especially for vegetarians. For value proposition, it is more for more. Bur-dle sells at $25 whcih is generally higher than our competitors, for example mcdonald. On the other hand, bur-dle's quality is high.As mentioned before, bur-dle use meat supplied by companies that have quality guarantee, awards and recognitions. In addition, bur-dle is made to order, which means they are made only when customers order. For the tpye of buying behavior of our target customers, it is variety-seeking buyin g behavoir since there are low comsumer involvement and significant difference among brands. If there is variety-seeking buying behavior, there may be brand switching not because of dissatisfaction, but due to customers want to try new things. Therefore, we would like to provide more choices for our target customers.

Digestive system disease

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE Ulcer generally is defined as a breach in the mucosa lining of the alimentary canal extending from the muscularis mucosa down into the sub-mucosa or deeper structures. An ulcer is said to be acute when it is limited to the muscularis mucosa while it is said to be chronic when it involve the sub-mucosa layers of the digestive system. Peptic ulcer disease is usually about 4 cm in diameter occurring in the following part of the digestive system: lower esophagus, stomach, 1st part of duodenum, sometimes it can occur in some ectopic sites like jejunum, and meckel diverticulumAETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. Many factors has been attributed to this disease, the most common cause is an organism called Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped motile flagellated bacterial which resides in the stomach. Its presence induced an intense inflammatory and immunogenic response. It also secrete many substances that affect the normal function of the stomach which include urease producti on, which breaks down urea to toxic compounds that affect the mucosa the organism also secrete enzymes like peptidase, lipase, mucinase that digest the protective surface of the stomach and duodenum.Moreover, when the mucosa of the duodenum are exposed to the acid been produced in the stomach then they may be breached. Also, prostaglandin produced by the stomach must be in balanced form i. e. equal amount of PGE2 and PGE1. Any increase in one without increase in the other will result in ulceration of the stomach mucosa. Some drugs have also been indicated in the development of the diseases, drugs like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), they cause this disease by blocking the production of the protective prostaglandin, and a good example of such drugs is aspirin.Many predisposing factors have also been recognized some of which are cigarette smoking which has been taught to inhibit bicarbonate formation, it also inhibit the prostaglandin formation. Secondly, stress also pr edisposes an individual to the disease. Whenever an individual is suffering from the disease they always present with dyspepsia (commonly called upset stomach characterized by epigastric pain) there is nocturnal pain, nausea, sometimes heart burn. These symptoms are always on and off and long standing.Sometimes some patients presents with the complication of the disease which include perforation: the stomach or the duodenum might be perforated so that the content will pour into the peritoneum causing acute abdomen, heamatemesis (vomiting of blood), haematochezia ( passing of bloody stools) other complication include peritonitis, cancer development. Hemorrhagic complication developed as a result of erosion of the blood vessels by the acid or the secretion from the causative organism. DiagnosisThis is done by proper investigation of the cause of the disease. Upper gastro intestinal endoscopy is usually carried out, barium meal is needed. For detection of the bacteria fecal antigen tes t of urea breath test is always carried out. Treatment The disease is usually treated with anti ulcer drugs which are acid neutralizing drugs, acid reducing agents, cytoprotective agents, and anti H. pylori agents. Examples of commonly used drugs are antacids, cimetidine, omeprazole and sucrafate

Muti-racial success in schools

It is interesting to note the results of Grace Kao’s study of a multi-racial group of high school students with focused on how students from different races varied their measurement or definition of success. Individuals have set criteria, which over the years served as the standards in perceiving how one student can consider himself or herself successful. Students have classified their classmates belonging to different race and create mindsets based from physical differences like skin color and from natural origin or based from cultural characteristics. Changing or modifying student’s perception on success will not be an easy thing. The educator must consider the existing perceptions, skills, and knowledge of the students in attempt to modify their meaning of success. Every student must be encouraged to discover his or her potential and make use of it to the fullest. Academic institutions should have well rounded programs that will cater to and showcase the students’ unique abilities. In this manner, they will realize that being academically successful does not only pertain to passing a course, attaining high grades, receiving awards, or earning good jobs but more importantly, success is using potentials to their fullest and being satisfied with their performances. It must also be clear to them that an individual can be considered successful regardless of race or ethnicity. There should also be avenues for knowledge and skills sharing among multi-racial students. In this manner, they will develop appreciation of what they can offer and what others can share with them.   Healthy competition and respect for individuality must be consistently promoted. There is nothing wrong with multi-racial students setting their own standards of success, but these perceptions should not limit them from being truly successful in life. The challenge for educators is how to create a learning atmosphere that can motivate students to do away with stereotyping based from race and ethnicity and to treat one’s self as a unique individual with a set goal in his or her academics to be successful. References Kao, G. (2000). Group Images and Possible Selves Among Adolescents: Linking Stereotypes to Expectations by Race and Ethnicity, Sociological Forum, Vol 15 no 3, 2000. Retrieved, April 17, 2007, from http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~grace2/kao.soc.forum.2000.pdf. Race and Ethnicity. Retrieved, April 17, 2007, from http://www2.austincc.edu/jtaylor/outlinech9.htm. Wikipedia. Perception. Retrieved, April 17, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/

Making Career Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Making Career Plans - Essay Example As such, early career planning promotes personal and professional growth and paves the way to higher goals of attaining happiness and satisfaction. While my immediate goal after college is to enroll into Harvard College of management and get the degree, my major goals for the next 5-10 years broadly cater to getting experience in the service industry, especially in banking and investment and start my own consultancy firm. In my pursuit of excellence, I would use reflective practices to improve and improvise performance outcome. This would also help me to grow personally and professionally and help acquire new skills to suit the changing external environment. Moreover, I believe that I am the highly motivated person who would like to contribute to the national economy by creating new avenues of jobs and helping others in realizing their dreams. As an entrepreneur, I would not only be providing employment to many people but also contributing to the network of information that would create limitless opportunities for others who can exploit the knowledge for their personal and professional growth. In the highly competitive environment of current times, career plans provide a focused approach in selecting the best academic institute and acquire necessary skills for bright future. They also help provide new perspectives on issues and subjects and facilitate empowered decisions to meet the challenges of time. Moreover, specialized professional degree lends credence to the abilities and professional skills of individuals and provides huge opportunities for personal and professional growth. Thus, planning for my future in the field of early childhood education is vital ingredient my success in future. My immediate goal after college is to enroll for major in Early Childhood Education from Fort Myers Florida and get the degree.  

How Could Leader Be Strategic Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Could Leader Be Strategic - Term Paper Example The employees of the company are their most precious asset so in order to get the employees in the right direction, making sure they adapt change and they work as per the strategies designed by the leader, leader needs to be not only strategic but also tactful. A strategic leader can not only help companies in achieving its objective but the leader can also create a competitive advantage. We will start by analyzing what is a strategic leader, followed by who should be a strategic leader? , When is the best time to become a strategic leader? , Where should strategic leadership be developed? And then finally, How can we develop strategic leadership?  Ã‚   Strategic leader is someone who can make realistic strategies for the company and who has an ability to influence others and make other believe in his vision and strategies. The strategy he needs to come up should be innovative, practical and should be one which leads in getting company a competitive advantage (Forbes, 2005). It is crucial to make sure that everyone in the organization is trained in such a way that they all become potential leaders. Information should not only stay in the upper rank but also be discussed in the middle and lower rank so everyone gets a chance to present their abilities well (Gilmore, 2007). Everyone in the organization needs to keep one important aspect in mind, that is to create opportunities and then also to utilize the opportunities in the best way possible. So whenever there is an opportunity people with potential should come forward to present their ideas and strategies as opportunity would knock your door only once and there is hardly a second chance. Strategic leaders are an integral requirement of all the organization in today’s world that is the reason why companies invest a lot in making strategic leaders. The most important thing which the leader needs to keep in mind is the self believe and self confidence which the leader have in himself. Some important trai ts include not only knowing and dealing with his/her work area but also being well aware of the surroundings and the business unit on the whole. Realizing importance of good relationship is clear and vital for a good leader as the businesses are interconnected and leader needs to deal with not only the employees but also with the vendors as supply chain management is a very crucial factor, following stakeholders and even competitors. Short term and long term goals are important so strategies should be made accordingly. Cost reduction is a very important factor so the leader needs to have good cost management skills and overall good leadership skills also on a personal level in order to deal well with the co workers. Leader not only needs to have knowledge and skill set which is restricted to him/her self but he should also transfer knowledge to others and then later on the transferred information and personal information can be combined in order to generate best strategies for the c ompany. Using their process we can create an environment of strategic leaders that team up and are committed to create a sustainable competitive advantage (Forbes, 2005). A leader needs to think about the organization in terms of its asset management, they need to think of a bright and successful future for themselves and also for their associates. Corporate social responsibility of the leader also plays a pivotal role here as the leader needs

Forensic psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Forensic psychology - Essay Example nding this early stress can be highly useful in providing insights into the treatment and pathophysiology of depression and other forms of abnormal psychology. According to Durand and Barlow (2005) psychosocial factors that affect the brain function and structure include social learning in both the conditioning and cognitive processes. These processes normally affect implicit memory as well as blind sight. This means that an individual may develop mental disorders due to the kind of psychosocial experiences that he has been through. What this means for future research is that researchers have to look into prior experiences that an individual has been through before making any diagnostic conclusions (Kaufman, et. al, 2000). Researchers have to put into considerations the differences in each case before making decisions. This might help in curbing he stigma associated with mental illness labeling. The categorical approach is based on the idea that an individual is or is not a member of a specific discrete grouping. This approach assumes that all levels of human behavior are divided into normal and pathological categories. It also assumes that these behavioral classes discrete, homogeneous and non-overlapping. In this approach, the diagnosis is normally a yes or no decision. The main advantage of this approach is its effectiveness in research and understanding. A disadvantage of this approach is its clear use of inclusion and exclusion standards. In this approach, a person either has a disorder or he does not (Brown and Barlow, 2005). The dimensional approach classifies an individual’s behavior according to specific dimensions. According to Krueger, Skodol and Livesley (2006), many professional working in the personality disorders field are increasingly turning to the dimensional approach in developing diagnostic schemes for mental disorders. One of the advantages of this approach is its effectiveness in predicting functional impairment as compared to other

This is England as British Social Realism Film Research Paper

This is England as British Social Realism Film - Research Paper Example Social Realism in British Films First of all, let us find out what realism in general is. Realism has been defined by Armes: â€Å"In its broadest sense, realism is an attitude of mind, a desire to adhere strictly to the truth, recognition that man is a social animal, and a conviction that he is inseparable from his position in a society† (Armes 17). Artistically, Social Realism is a term that can be applied to the arts in general. Namely, as an artistic movement that found its expression in various arts, social realism focuses portraying issues related to social injustice or racial intolerance, with emphasis on protest against the depicted unjustness often conveyed with the help of satire. It is worth mentioning that social realism in visual and some other arts focuses on the issues related to the life and activity of the working class. In films, social realism is perceived as a style that evolved from the 20th century movement of Italian neorealism. Lay observes that one of the key features of this style is its providing an intricate link between the character and the place to enable exploring a certain aspect of modern life in a way that is very similar to naturalism (Lay 9). According to Williams, the pivotal characteristics of the films/texts representing British Social Realism are: 1) its secular character. In other words, social realist texts are devoid of mysticism and appeal wholly to logic and ability to reason. Consequently, such texts/films come to focus on depicting human truths rather than divine truths 2) the grounding of social issues, characters, and films’ settings in the context of contemporary reality. 3) the social extension aspect. To specify, â€Å"realist texts tend to expand the range of characters to include marginal or previously under-represented groups and issues in society† (Williams 61-74) 4) the intent of the artist that is often politically colored. To illustrate, the filmmaker’s intent in British Soc ial Realism may have reformist, socially purposive, as well as educative underpinnings (Lay 13). As for the contents of the films representing the discussed genre, the latter usually revolve around certain issues and themes. To distinguish between issues and themes within the film referred to as a social realist one, one needs to bear in mind the major difference between them: the issues are of explicit nature – they are easily recognized and visible fears and concerns currently troubling the society; while themes are usually implied and â€Å"hide† within a given text. As Lay rightfully observes, â€Å"Themes work on a much deeper level and represent less obvious threats to social cohesion and stability† (Lay 14). In addition, in terms of its contents, the social realist film will most likely deal with the issues of drugs, poverty, prostitution, sex, alcoholism, as well as crime. All in all, if one were to name the important features of a film representing Brit ish social realism, he/she would probably come up with the following list: realistic portrayal of the society the Britishmen live in Life’s struggles Realistic events, contexts, situations, and realistic settings Filming techniques that may be classified as believable Unknown actors Heroes representing

Technical Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technical Paper - Essay Example This is especially handy for developing graphical user interfaces. Create one (1) original example of a class with at least one (1) attribute and one (1) method. Class Person { Private String name ; Public Person (String name){ this.name = name; } Public String getName() { return this.name; } } (Hegner, 2000) The class represents a person. The attribute stored is the name of the person. The purpose of the related method is to retrieve the name of the person. The constructor stores the name of the person when you create an instance of the class person. In object oriented programming, the program can be seen as a group of interacting objects, in contrast to the conventional model where a program is essentially a list of tasks. In OOP, every object can receive messages, process data, and send messages to other objects. An object can be viewed as an independent entity with a distinctive role or responsibility (ECOOP 2010 & D'Hondt, 2010). Methods on these objects are directly related to the object. For instance, data structures in OOP tend to bear their own operators or inherit them from a related class or object except in cases where serialization is required. On the other hand, Visual Logic programs can be one extended list of commands, and more complicated programs often assemble smaller parts of these statements into subroutines or functions. Each function can perform a specific task. These kinds of designs commonly make some of the data for the program to be universal, i.e., the data can be accessed from any section of the program (ECOOP 2010 & D'Hondt, 2010). The programs allow any function to change any piece of data as they grow in size, meaning that bugs in the code can have extensive effects. Event driven programming is a technique of programming used to create responsive programs. The software created does not perform any action until the event occurs. One advantage of this method over purely procedural programming is that no concurrent data access by di fferent execution threads is required. This prevents the need for leveraging shared data with the complex procedure required for such, thus preventing a lot of bugs (Samek, 2009). The technique also makes computer applications more user friendly, meaning that they can be operated by most people without the need for expert information on computer programming languages like OOP. References ECOOP 2010, & D'Hondt, T. (2010). ECOOP 2010 -- object-oriented programming: 24th European Conference, Maribor, Slovenia, June 21-25, 2010 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer. Hegner, S. J. (2000). Intelligent help systems for UNIX. Dordrecht [u.a.: Kluwer Acad. Publ. Samek, M. (2009). Practical UML statecharts in C/C++: Event-driven programming for sembedded systems. Amsterdam:

Does an orientation tour along with fall prevention education for Coursework

Does an orientation tour along with fall prevention education for family members and patients on admission day lower the rate of falls of patients in long term care - Coursework Example Research that has been conducted indicates that fall prevention can have short and long term effects (Gregory, 2013). Among the methods that have been applied to prevent falls in hospitals is the education on the patients and also family members. Patients together with their families are educated on the causes of falls and the available interventions. The expectation of the family that their relative will not fall again after treatment should get managed with care. The program used in the pedagogical efficacy was used to investigate the results of the education program in the intervention process. The education process in the hospitals was found to have successfully worked in a hospital setup. The number of patients who experienced falls was found to have drastically reduced (Healey & Darowski, 2012). The use of education in the prevention process has made efforts to promote positivity in self-identity of the patient. It has also made efforts to urge the patient to adopt the post-discharge falls strategies due to the benefits they possess. The nurse can make the use written of video materials to educate the patients and should have the design principles of adult learning. The nurse should also have discussions with the patient and make the recommendations on the presented materials. After the discussion, there should also be follow up on the patient. After a period of two weeks, the nurse should check the patient to see the progress and also reinforce the education (Jeske et al., 2006) Another method that was used in the control of falls is orienting the patients to the facility. Before the patients get admitted in their respective rooms, the nurse showed them around. The location of the bathroom was made known to the patient. The nurse call system is also made known to the patient. The nurse call system should be at a place where the patient can easily access the machine together with other important items. Patients at high risk of experiencing falls

EMA COURSE WORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EMA COURSE WORK - Essay Example Other factors such as transporting the materials, utilities, etc could also be used however as stated before it is only an example. Variance Analysis is the difference between what is actually paid and the standard cost. The variance is used as a means for management to discuss performance and to review them. One of the major criticisms of standards is that some forms of standards are outdated and not as widely used as others. Another criticism is that the standards are not attainable. This means that the standards are not within reason. Considering that most standards are outdated and incorporate many different components, it is easy to see how mistakes can be made. If the company uses the wrong information on any of the components than it is guaranteed that a variance will be revealed upon further analysis. The standards are also not changed over a period of time and therefore are prone to be incorrect due to changes in technology or even by inflation. Standards are said to give em ployees the motivation to meet goals and to push his/her self to meet or exceed the goals of the company. This motivation is also said to benefit the company as a whole because it increases efficiency and productivity. The best way for standard costing to be effective is to have someone from every level to participate. There has traditionally been a problem trying to get enough people to participate so that the results are reasonable. Participants will look for the easy target and this can pose a problem. The easy target is not necessarily the optimum target or the most cost efficient. Participation in the costing or analysis would require a lot of time and knowledge that the participants do not have. Also the more time they spend on it the more it will cost the company in the form of salaries and benefits. There is also the risk of the participants being out for their own individual gain. They could feel as if their participation could help them further their own agenda instead of that of the company. They could also spend too much time talking and not enough time coming up with solutions. Lack of knowledge can also factor into this because if the participants do not understand the goal they are trying to reach, then time can be spent teaching them instead of getting down to business. Management of Time is also another criticism of standard costing and variance analysis. The process is time consuming to say the least and most managers already feel as if they don’t have enough time to carry out their day to day activities let alone deal with standard costing or variance analysis. Managers in particular might feel as if this is something that someone else should be doing, namely someone in the corporate office if there is one. Absorption costing fuels another criticism of standard costing and variance analysis. Absorption costing assumes that all costs of the production of a product are included in the final price of the product (AccountingCoach, LLC). T his type of costing can create some problems because it could lead to extremely high standard costing which in turn would always lead to variances. If a product includes all of the fixed costs such as utilities of the entire building, rent of all buildings, etc than the standard cost could be extremely high and overstated. The costs are not allocated over all of the products that are produced in the same area but instead the costs are absorbed into the

The Presence of Love and Self-Sacrifice Essay Example for Free

The Presence of Love and Self-Sacrifice Essay Love is most likely the one motif that can be present in everything. History is full of fallen empires and wars waged all caused by love—or what the people themselves believe as something called love. Literature is another branch of knowledge that does not only record all the feelings that the great and famous convey for their loved ones, but it is also the proof of how people think when they are in love. Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets all serve as an extensive testament to how intense love can make a person feel and be. From the dramatic to the comic and from the ridiculous illusions to the harsh realities, love, no matter how cliche it may sound, really makes the world go around. This cliche may be applied to the two books that will be compared in this paper: de Chretien Troyes’ â€Å"Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart† and George MacDonald’s â€Å"Phantastes. † De Troyes’ book can only be the type that fantasy and adventures can be made of in its true chivalric glory. Lancelot has always been a familiar and a favourite knight, most especially since he won Lady Guinevere’s love and admiration considering she is already the Queen Guinevere of the King Arthur. Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart is really a rather absurd account of how a knight would go into great lengths of trying to rescue his damsel in distress. In the modern context that we have today, such narration, plot, setting, and language would have been considered as romantic by the women and preposterous by the men. However, there is really something so endearing about a story wherein love and self-sacrifice play with the characters at their purest sense. De Troyes’ book begins in Queen Guinevere’s abduction by a mysterious knight. The knights of King Arthur, Lancelot and Gawain, soon chase after the abductor to rescue Queen Guinevere. The book gives a detailed account of how Lancelot and Gawain rescue the Queen, but more than that, it is a narration of how Lancelot will endure everything just to win back the Queen. Lancelot, at the start of his journey, is identified as the Knight of the Cart (de Troyes vv. 539-982). He has somehow managed to get himself in a complicated situation that makes him lose his mount (horse) that he is forced to walk whilst wearing his armour and his sword. It is in this state that he meets a Dwarf who tells him that he will see the Queen if he will ride the cart that the Dwarf is driving. It would not have been a problem if Lancelot is in the modern times, but back then, riding a cart is such a disgrace since it is only the criminals who have the privilege to do so. Only criminals are rendered low enough to ride such a disgraceful thing. This scene is very important as this will make Lancelot be known as â€Å"The Knight of the Cart. † Moreover, this will cause the Queen’s cold attitude that she will show Lancelot when he finally rescues her. Considering the great lengths that Lancelot had to go through just to get to the Queen, she still treated him coldly. This scene is also one of the early glimpses that the reader will be able to see concerning Lancelot and his great love for the Queen Guinevere: The knight hesitated only for a couple of steps before getting in. Yet, it was unlucky for him that he shrank from the disgrace, and did not jump in at once; for he will later rue his delay. But common sense, which is inconsistent with loves dictates, bids him refrain from getting in, warning him and counseling him to do and undertake nothing for which he may reap shame and disgrace. Reason, which dares thus speak to him, reaches only his lips, but not his heart; but love is enclosed within his heart, bidding him and urging him to mount at once upon the cart. So he jumps in, since love will have it so, feeling no concern about the shame, since he is prompted by loves commands. (de Troyes Vv. 247-398. ) There is an endless narration of Lancelot’s obstacles. The first that is of importance is the temptation he successfully surpasses as a beautiful lady seduces him, asking that he makes love to her in exchange for a night’s rest and lodging. The Knight of the Cart encounters similar situations wherein he is tested and tempted, but he always emerges victorious in the end. Adventures that soon followed allow him to display and show his skills as a Knight and more importantly, as an honourable and strong Knight. He frees the people of Logres from the imprisonment of the Kingdom of Gorre where the Queen Guinevere is held captive. Nevertheless, even if Lancelot has always emerged victorious after every obstacle, it is the crossing of the Sword Bridge which proves his determination and encompassing love to Queen Guinevere: He is going to support himself with his bare hands and feet upon the sword, which was sharper than a scythe, for he had not kept on his feet either sole or upper or hose. But he felt no fear of wounds upon his hands or feet; he preferred to maim himself rather than to fall from the bridge and be plunged in the water from which he could never escape. In accordance with this determination, he passes over with great pain and agony, being wounded in the hands, knees, and feet. But even this suffering is sweet to him: for Love, who conducts and leads him on, assuages and relieves the pain. (De Troyes Vv. 3021-3194) Lancelot safely crosses the bridge and is greeted warmly by the kind-hearted King of Gorre and the cold-blooded Maleagant (the King’s son) who is responsible for imprisoning Queen Guinevere. Maleagant challenges Lancelot into a duel, and as all noble knights should, he wins the fight. Maleagant is always plotting and plotting, trying to get through the Knight of the Cart as he accumulates such a hatred for the Knight. The Queen and Lancelot finally unite (literally and figuratively speaking) when a situation both puts them into thinking that the other person is dead. The adventure that Lancelot undertakes is so rigorous, challenging, and battle-laden that it is even befitting to make it into a dramatic and action-filled movie. The Knight of the Cart does not only have to endure numerous temptations from very beautiful ladies and magical beings, but he is also faced with other knights who want to steal those beautiful ladies or knights who just want to engage in a battle or a swordfight just for the sake of bathing in pure masculine glory. The Great Knight is also tested in terms of intellect and emotions as he goes on his adventures—deciding the fates of people, plotting military schemes, and making the most of battle situations—and most especially, as his reputation is tarnished as he is ridiculed and mocked as The Knight of the Cart. Indeed, love plays such a significant part in the novel as it is solely the reason why Lancelot would go to such great extent to rescue his lady (even if technically, she is not his lady). Love has always been such a great driving force of humans that it is subjected to great debates and studies and such. Teenagers commit suicide because of love, and single mothers become single mothers also because of love. Even big companies have made it a profitable excuse to market love. Love in all its beauty has been defined by a lot of people, from the downright romantic to the utterly realistic and pessimistic. In De Troyes’ book, the author refrained from making Lancelot’s love into such an enormous situation that it would dangerously border on being ridiculous. Instead, De Troyes narrated the whole plot into a magical and fantastical adventure of how a man would endlessly search for his woman. The knight selflessly sacrificed literally everything in his power just to assure the safety and well-being of his lady. Coupled with the love that Lancelot has been showing Queen Guinevere is the sacrifice that he has been generously giving the Queen. At the fourth part of the book, Lancelot was imprisoned by Meleagant in a tower for a year. The fact that he was imprisoned in a windowless and doorless tower in the first place suggests that he offended Meleagant by winning Queen Guinevere’s freedom by a duel. However, the people of King Arthur were unable to locate Lancelot’s whereabouts that when he was finally released, he was ‘so feeble that he staggered from his weakness and disability’ (De Troyes Vv. 6657). The first book analyzed above shows a strong and immense love that transcended time that even the younger generations of the fast-paced modern times today are somehow enthralled and drawn to how enormous love can be and how great are the sacrifices that a person can render if he or she is in love. The next book, Phantastes, a novel by George MacDonald is a fusion of what two worlds can offer—the reality and the fantasy. MacDonald’s protagonist, Anodos, wakes up one day into a different world and discovers that he has fairy blood in his veins: ‘I awoke one morning with the usual perplexity of mind which accompanies the return of consciousness’ (MacDonald 5). He goes into an adventure in the Fairy Land or the Kingdom of ‘Phantasy’ as he sees the White Lady/Lady of the Marble and falls in love with her (Macdonald 104). He goes on a long journey, searching for her every time as he gets lost time and time again. Anodos uses his voice and starts to sing as to inject life and breathe into the Lady’s stone-figure. Anodos, like the Knight of the Cart, goes into rigorous obstacles as he desperately tries to free the Lady from the curse: How I got through this dreary part of my travels, I do not know. I do not think I was upheld by the hope that any moment the light might break in upon me; for I scarcely thought about that. I went on with a dull endurance, varied by moments of uncontrollable sadness; for more and more the conviction grew upon me that I should never see the white lady again. (MacDonald 117) I could bear it no longer. ‘I will not be tortured to death, I cried; I will meet it half-way. The life within me is yet enough to bear me up to the face of Death, and then I die unconquered. ’ (MacDonald 119) The book is narrated in a very simple manner and in the first-person point of view as Anodos himself is the story teller. The song of Anodos is the only reason why the Lady wakes up, and yet, there are also many moments when Anodos is lost and grappling with words and melody that no song would come out (MacDonald 104-105). However, as always, his love surpasses all and he sings the most lovely of the songs, ‘DUMB ART THOU? O Love immortal/ More than words thy speech must be/ Childless yet the tender portal/ Of the home of melody’ (MacDonald 107). The lines were somehow describing how love, in all its immortality and beauty, is mute and cannot speak. Rather, love is so sacred and intense that to give it meaning, words or even a voice is to lose the magnanimity of that emotion. The novel ends in a bittersweet memory as Anodos wakes up from his Fairy Land dream: ‘I found myself lying in the open air, in the early morning, before sunrise’ (MacDonald 174). Anodos has changed because of his adventures from the Fairy Land. He has learned to live with the exemplary teachings and values that he acquired and experienced during his dream. Most importantly, he has learned what love is and how great is its power, even if it was never meant to be his. Anodos, like the Knight of the Cart, has selflessly searched for his love just to deliver her from the curse of being a Lady of Marble. He was ridiculed by the dwarves countless of times, was frightened to death by the Ash Tree, and even went to long and strenuous journeys just to locate the White Lady’s whereabouts. However, the most cruel of part is the fact that he knew that the White Lady is already betrothed to someone else and is meant to love someone else, The Red Knight: Crowding about me like bees, they shouted an insect-swarm of exasperating speeches up into my face, among which the most frequently recurring were—‘You shant have her; you shant have her; he! he! he! Shes for a better man; how hell kiss her! how hell kiss her! ’ (MacDonald 114) What is remarkable about Anodos is the way he answers the goblins nobly: ‘Well, if he is a better man, let him have her’ (MacDonald 114). The two books contain both the motifs of love and self-sacrifice. Did the heroes sacrifice themselves selflessly because they love the person, or did they love the person, that is why they can sacrifice themselves fully? Love, more often than not, is too complicated and ambiguous; yet, it seems to be a universal language and emotion that can be understood by all. The obvious resignation of the men of both books (Andonos and Lancelot) for their ladies’ affection and life justifies the fact that the men love their ladies, and no matter what happens, they will make it a point to save them. The endless obstacles of the two men with various aspects (supernatural, psychological, emotional etc. ) prove that they will indeed go to great lengths not just to have a glimpse of the ladies’ magnificent beauty (as to the case of Anodos) but more importantly, to save their lives. Saving the lives could both pertain to the heroes and the damsels in distress. While the Queen Guinevere and the White Lady are both in danger because of external forces beyond their control, Andonos and Lancelot also put their lives on the line for the sake of rescuing them. Why would the two men go so far to such extremes when they could have any lady? Is it because they love the women that make them face such dangerous adventures? In some sense, the men are tremendously in love with their women that to live without them is death itself. Love is almost connected with a feeling of wanting to possess and belonging. The two men wanted none of that perverted definition of the emotion. The men would be willing to give up their lives because they have to protect the women. It has become a rather automatic action, or in simplistic terms, it is instinct that makes them want and need to protect the women. Anodos and the Knight of the Cart do not necessarily want the women to belong to them, and they do not necessarily want or need to possess the women. At the end of both books, the both men knew that the ladies would not and would never belong to them, and yet they did not have any anger or resentment with that decision. Lancelot knew that his Lady Guinevere belongs and will always belong to King Arthur’s side as Queen Guinevere and the ruler of Camelot. Even if he knew this fact, he still loved her unconditionally and without any reservations. Certainly, as the King’s Knight and as person, he should not have done that, but that is not the case in this paper, and that is entirely another matter. Anodos’ love and Lancelot’s love are the same in a sense that both would go to exceptional extent just to prove their love to their respective ladies. Moreover, their love is enduring and non-complaining that it is very endearing to whoever would read the books. The difference in their love lies in the judgment that Anodos’ love is more whimsical and mystical that it contains an attribute of being sweetly melodic and at the same time melancholic. Anodos’ love is self sacrificial in a sense that it is hopeless, compared to Lancelot and the Queen, wherein they have a more reciprocated love for each other than that of the White Lady and Anodos. In addition, even if Lancelot’s love is forbidden (since the Queen is already married), the love is still reciprocated by his loved one and that makes his love more powerful, stronger, and more ardent than that of Adonos’ love for the White Lady. Nevertheless, both men loved, and that is what matters the most. The ultimate test and evidence that they hold genuine love for their respective loved ones is the fact that they let go of the ladies in the end. The Queen Guinevere has her King Arthur, and the White Lady has her Red Knight. The self sacrifice was not really the adventure that they experienced and the gruelling obstacles they faced. It is the moment when they went ahead with the adventure even if the lady was not theirs in the first place. It is the moment when at the end of their long and arduous adventure, they still let the lady choose her happiness, and then they let go. Works Cited De Troyes, Chretien. Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart. Trans. Burton Raffel. Yale University: Yale University Press, 1997. MacDonald, George. Phantastes: A Faerie Romance For Men and Women. London: Smith, Elder and Co. , 1858.

Role of Port Authorities Essay Example for Free

Role of Port Authorities Essay Ports usually have a governing body referred to as the port authority, port management, or port administration. Port authority is used widely to indicate any of these three terms. The definition of port authority has been defined in various ways. In 1977, a commission of the European Union (EU) defined a port authority as a State, Municipal, public, or private body, which is largely responsible for the tasks of construction, administration and sometimes the operation of port facilities and, in certain circumstances, for security. This definition is sufficiently broad to accommodate the various port management models existing within the EU and elsewhere. (http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/toolkits/Portoolkit/Toolkit/module3/port_functions.html#2) Ports authorities may be established at all levels of government: national, regional, provincial, or local. The most common form is a local port authority, an authority administering only one port area. However, national port authorities still exist in various countries such as Tanzania, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and Aruba. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Handbook for Port Planners in Developing Countries lists the statutory powers of a national port authority as follows (on the assumption that operational decisions will be taken locally): (http://www.uctc.net/research/diss131.pdf) * Investment: Power to approve proposals for port investments in amounts above a certain figure. The criterion for approval would be that the proposal was broadly in accordance with a national plan, which the authority would maintain. * Financial policy: Power to set common financial objectives for ports (for example, required return on investment defined on a common basis), with a common policy on what infrastructure will be funded centrally versus locally, and advising the government on loan applications. * Tariff policy: Power to regulate rates and charges as required protecting the public interest. * Labour policy: Power to set common recruitment standards, a common wage structure, and common qualifications for promotion; and the power to approve common labour union procedures. * Licensing: When appropriate, power to establish principles for licensing of port employees or agents. * Information and research: Power to collect, collates, analyze, and disseminate statistical information on port activity for general use, and to sponsor research into port matters as required. * Legal: Power to act as legal advisor to local port authorities. Increasingly, central governments implement seaport policies through the allocation of resources rather than through the exercise of wide-ranging regulatory powers. While central governments should pursue macroeconomic objectives through an active seaport policy, port authority objectives should be more narrowly focused on port finances and operations. It is a widely accepted opinion among port specialists that a port authority should have as a principal objective the full recovery of all port-related costs, including capital costs, plus an adequate return on capital. The full recovery of costs will help a port authority to: (http://www.businessnz.co.nz/file/1947/100813%20Port%20Performance%20and%20Ownership.pdf) * Maintain internal cost discipline. * Attract outside investment and establish secure long-term cash flows. * Stimulate innovation in the various functional areas to guarantee a long-term balance between costs and revenues, especially when faced with innovations by terminal operators, port users, rival ports, and hinterland operators. * Generate internal cash flows needed to replace and expand port infrastructure and superstructure. * Compete according to the rules of the market system, without excessive distortions of competition. * Put limits on cross-subsidization, which may be rational from a marketing point of view (market penetration, traffic attraction), but which can undermine financial performance. * Avoid dissipation of the port authorities asset base to satisfy objectives of third parties (for example, port users demanding the use of land in the port area without regard to the lands most economic use or port and city administrations using port authority assets to pursue general city goals). Ownership of the Port of Koper The port of Koper is the largest and the only public cargo port in the Republic of Slovenia. The ownership transformation of the port of Koper was finalized in 1995. Before the ownership transformation, the government of the Republic of Slovenie brought a decree that the shores, land and water territory around the port are also a public asset in the sense of state ownership. The value of the port infrastructure was set at the amount of USD 180 million. A part of the port infrastructure was defined as infrastructural bases, and they included: * Haulage roads, * Railroad tracks, * Entryways, * Partitions, * Sewage * Water supply systems, * Electric power facilities, * Lighting and telecommunication facilities The mentioned part of the port infrastructure, the port superstructure, machinery and other assets were evaluated in 1995 in the amount of USD 220 million. The total capital was divided into 14,000,000 shares at a nominal value of Sit. 1000. The Republic of Slovenia is the owner of 6,860,000 shares, which is a 49% ownership in priority shares and 2% in ordinary shares. The ownership structure of the Port of Koper; 51% the state, 17.33% government funds, 7.65% municipality of Koper, 7.48% internal distribution to employees and pensioners, 10.20% internal buyout from employees and pensioners, 6.34% public sale. In addition to shares in ownership of the state, the Port of Koper deals with shares on the Ljubljana stock market, hence its ownership structure is subject to daily changes The state has decided to sell its share in the ownership of the Luka Koper d. d. in 2003. During the transitional period the state, with its 49% ownership has decreased its ownership share down to 25% + 1% but in the form of ordinary shares, which enables it to gain control of functions connected to certain more important business decisions that are in close association with status changes of the enterprise. Luka Koper d. d. is the manager of the port. On Nov. 21,2002 a Decree was issued according to which the Government Administration allocated concessions, and the decision was reached that the first concession be given to enterprise Luka Koper d. d. for a period of 35 years. Luka Koper d. d. does not have Port Authority in the classical sense of the term. According to the Statute of the Luka Koper d. d., the enterprise has a single-member management supervised by a supervisory board of 9 members in the structure of which there are three representatives of the state, a representative of the local administration of the municipality of Koper that is itself a 7% owner of ordinary shares, a member representing small shareholders, a representative of the funds that the Luka Koper d. d. holds in its portfolio and three representatives of the employees of LukaKoper d. d. Such a structure of the supervisory board that chooses the president of the management of the joint stock company does not allow the predominance of state power over the management of the port. The state has minimal rights in bringing decisions on occasion of shareholder assemblies of the enterprise Luka Koper d. d, with merely 2% of votes. From this we may assess that the autonomy of port management in the Luka Koper d. d. is very high. Managerial responsibility of the port ofKoperLuka Koper d. d., as the sole port operator manages the entire port. The Management of the enterprise Luka Koper d. d. has complete freedom in conducting its economic policies, policy of superstructure development, and the right of bringing forth a medium- term plan of development of the port infrastructure that is previously acknowledged by the Government of the RS. The port management is also responsible for maintenance of the port infrastructure. The Port of Koper can be evaluated as a Full service port.

Salmonella And Common Food Poisoning Biology Essay

Salmonella And Common Food Poisoning Biology Essay Food poisoning is a common problem that affects millions of people in the United States and throughout the world. Food poisoning can cause distressing and sometimes life threatening problems in humans. People that have eaten contaminated food may be symptom-free or have symptoms ranging from intestinal discomfort to severe dehydration and bloody diarrhea. The following bacteria can cause food poisoning; Campylobacter, Shigella, E.Coli, and Salmonella. The Salmonella family contains over 2,300 serotypes of bacteria. A serotype is a group of microorganism, viruses, and cells classified together based on their cell surface antigens. Salmonella is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, flagellated and motile bacterium. Salmonella is found in the gastrointestinal tract of fish, turtles, snakes, lizards, gerbils, hamsters, other rodents and humans. Infection can also be spread from person-to -person. Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease that can spread from animals to humans. Salmonellosis can be spread by eating uncooked pork, chicken, beef, and fish. Salmonellosis can also be spread by eating contaminated food with Salmonella. Symptoms are bloody or watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, throwing-up, fever, head-ache, chills, sweats, fatigue, and a lack of appetite. If the infection is severe the individual might be given antibiotics. The risks of Salmonellosis are the loss of body fluids, dehydration, shock, and death. Remedies for Salmonellosis depe nd on symptoms. Remedies are antibiotics, rest, eating a bland diet, and drinking plenty of fluids. There are three high risk groups: infants, people above the age of 60, and people with compromised immune systems. Salmonella bacteria can also cause Typhoid Fever. Typhoid Fever can be cause by two types of Salmonella bacteria: Salmonella typhi bacteria and Salmonella paratyphi. Typhoid Fever is contracted by the ingestion of the Salmonella bacteria in contaminated food or water. Patients with acute illness can contaminate the surrounding water supply though stool. The stool contains high concentration bacteria. Patients can be classified as Long-Term Carriers if they have a mild infection and it go unrecognized. The bacteria replicates in the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver and passes into the bowel. The bacteria can survive for weeks in water or dried sewage. Symptoms of Typhoid Fever are high temperature, chest discomfort, abdomen discomfort, headaches, lethargy, poor appetite, ad diarrhea. Typhoid Fever is determined through a stool culture. Typhoid Fever is treated with Antibiotics. There are several scientists doing research on the Salmonella bacteria. There are a series of experiments that are being conducted abroad the International Spaceship that may lead to vaccine against Salmonellosis from Salmonella bacteria. Scientists at the USDA Agricultural Research Service have developed a poultry vaccine for some strains of Salmonella in poultry. The study of how Salmonella contaminates powder infant formula has helped them to create quality assurance procedures, to help prevent contamination of Powder Infant Formula. Scientists are trying to use Salmonella as remedy for hypoxia to help the in treatment of cancer. There are a group of scientists in Morocco that did a study on food samples from Morocco to determine if the food they were eating contained Salmonella. There are a series of experiments that are being conducted abroad the International Space that may lead to vaccine against Salmonellosis from Salmonella bacteria. Dr. Cheryl Nickerson has produced studies that have shown that Salmonella becomes more virulent in weightlessness environment. Salmonellas virulence can be controlled like an on and off switch. NASA started these studies because they were concerned about their astronauts being more susceptible to food poisoning due to their weakened immune systems. Weakened immune systems are due to microgravity. Researchers discovered that microgravity changes Salmonella. The scientists can use this information from space on Earth because the environment inside the intestines is similar to the weightlessness in space. Another Scientist, Professor Timothy Hammond, is pursuing a vaccine based on the genetic changes seen in the space-borne bacteria. There are a series of experiments that are being conducted abroad the International Space that may lead to vaccine against Salmonellosis from Salmonella bacteria. (Klotz, 2009) Scientists at the USDA Agricultural Research Service developed a poultry vaccine to reduce the spread Salmonella enteritidis (S.enteritis) infection among flocks. S.enteritis is a serotype of Salmonella .This current epidemic is caused by egg-borne Salmonellosis. Egg-Borne Salmonellosis is caused to intact and disinfected grade A eggs because S.enteritidis infects the ovaries silently. This contaminates the hens eggs. The vaccine reduces shedding ten to forty percent more effectively than the three commercial vaccines that are currently being used. The vaccine reduces the amount of S.enteritidis that is located in the birds digestive tract that helps eliminate the pathogen shedding in the birds feces. The vaccine also eliminates the pathogen invasion of the birds internal organs. The vaccine is an experimental oil emulsion vaccine. This vaccine is different from commercial preparations because it increases specific levels of antibodies in the digestive tract which reduces the Salmone lla in the hens intestinal tract and prevents infection of eggs and disease of transmission. In this research study, the vaccine was administered to the birds subcutaneously in two doses four to six weeks apart before exposing the birds to S.enteritidis. Researchers performed strict measures to ensure that there are no other pathogens were present in the hens before and during the investigation. In the 1970s, meticulous procedures for cleaning and inspecting eggs were implemented to reduce Salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is caused by the external fecal contamination of egg shells. S.enteritidis became a public health concern in the 1980s. The pathogen invades poultry which can cause harm to the reproductive organs that can lead to contamination of the eggs. In the 1990s, scientists started to develop poultry vaccines against S.enteritidis. Currently, twenty-five million doses of S.enteritidis vaccine are used annually. (Smith, 2006) Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) is not a sterile product and may be contaminated with pathogens that can cause serious illness in infants (children aged

The Whipping=evaluation=1200 W Essay -- essays research papers

Upon reading Robert Hayden's 1970 poem, 'The Whipping'; (1075), one may find themselves feeling very disturbed. The title is not subtle in hiding the fact that the plot of the poem is of a mother beating her son. The tone of the poem is very violent, and filled with a lot of anger. The boy's character immediately demands sympathy from the reader and just as instantaneously, the mother is hated by the reader. From his first stanza, to his sixth, Hayden utilizes an arsenal of words, symbols, and images to create a scene that is intense and emotional to the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hayden introduces his poem with the first stanza, which begins with 'The old woman across the way/ is whipping the boy again'; (1-2). These lines create a setting, where the characters are introduced and the action that the title stated is in progress. One thing that the reader does sense is that this whipping is not unusual. It is happening again and whoever the narrator is, he is not surprised or alarmed that this is happening. The last two lines of the stanza describe the mother very well. She is 'shouting to the neighborhood/ her goodness and his wrongs'; (3-4). Its as if she feels that by yelling her son's faults and her goodness, she is trying to justify her own wrongfulness of beating her son. She chose to shout, so that everyone would hear, almost as if she was confessing her sins. She seems to be making a show, a production out of this beating. She is trying to humiliate her son even more by beating him outside, instead of inside the house. A simple, four - lined introduction creates a perfect image of the event that is unfolding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In stanza two, the setting and the mother's physical appearance is revealed in further detail. The setting is in front of the house in a garden of some sort, full of lush plants, greenery, and bright flowers. In contrast, the boy is being viciously thrown and beaten into this delicate foliage. 'Wildly he crashes through elephant ears, / pleads in dusty zinnias'; (5-6). Another symbolic image Hayden portrays is of the zinnias. Zinnias are typically supposed to be a plant with variously colored beautiful flowers; these zinnias are dusty, implying that they are dull, lifeless, and unattended. This is symbolic of the boy. If properly taken care of, a boy can grow into a vivid, colorful, young man, but if mist... ...tanza shows the reader the fat old woman leaning against a tree physically tired. Hayden also states that the woman is purged, meaning she has cleansed herself from all guilt, sins, and impurities. This usage of purged guides the reader into the next two lines. ' avenged in part for lifelong hidings / she has had to bear'; (23-24). The woman feels redemption after beating her child because she was abused in her life also. This final stanza answers the question of why is the mother so abusive to her child?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In no way does the 'Whipping'; justify child abuse just because the parent had been abused in the past. However, it does reinforce the fact that abuse is past on from generation to generation and happens everywhere. Hayden uses the perfect point of view in this scenario. The omniscience from the third person allows the reader to feel the personal connection of the narrator and of the family he views across the street. The excellent selection and usage of 'purged'; lead the reader right into his conclusion of the poem. In using many of the weapons in writing Hayden strategically conquers the reader's thoughts and emotions in the poem 'The Whipping';.

Speaking From Within: A Discussion on Our Innate Ability to Learn Languages :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Speaking From Within: A Discussion on Our Innate Ability to Learn Languages For years since I moved to the United States after the age of nine, I've always been frustrated at the lack of improvement in my ability to speak English without a trace of foreign accent and my ability to write without any grammatical errors. It always seemed to me that learning languages is unlike learning anything else, I can logically understand the pronunciation of the a word or the rules of grammar, but for reasons unknown, I always found it hard to incorporate logical knowledge of language into the actual speaking and writing of English. I started to surf the web in attempt to find the reasons to why, even after spending more than half of my life in the U.S, I still cannot speak and write as well as people who were born or came here at a much younger age. At first I though the answer would be something to the extend of finding a region of the brain that is specialized for the learning of languages and that region is more developed in people other than I, who are good at linguistics. However, it turned out that the answer entails more than specialized regions in the brain, while there are regions in the brain that are specific for processing languages, what I found more interesting is that there is much evidence that supports the selectivist theory, found by Noam Chomsky that the ability to learn language is innate. Here innate means that  ¡Ã‚ °the language template is pre-organized in the neuronal structure of the brain, so that the fact of being an integral part of a given environment selects the borders of each individual neuronal structure without affecting its fine organization, which pre-exists. ¡Ã‚ ± (1) In this paper, I wish to point out evidence that supports this theory of the innateness of language, and to exam how the l anguage template develops. In conclusion, I wish to gain a better understand of my own language learning process in light of these new findings. One evidence that points to the innateness of language is the accuracy and speed at which humans process language and the accelerating rate at which children acquire language.  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ the average speaker produces approximately 150 words per minute, each word chosen from somewhere between 20000 and 40000 alternatives, at error rates below .1%. The average child is already well on her way toward that remarkable level of performance by 5 years of age, with a vocabulary of more than 6000 words and productive control over almost every aspect of sound and grammar in her language. Speaking From Within: A Discussion on Our Innate Ability to Learn Languages :: Biology Essays Research Papers Speaking From Within: A Discussion on Our Innate Ability to Learn Languages For years since I moved to the United States after the age of nine, I've always been frustrated at the lack of improvement in my ability to speak English without a trace of foreign accent and my ability to write without any grammatical errors. It always seemed to me that learning languages is unlike learning anything else, I can logically understand the pronunciation of the a word or the rules of grammar, but for reasons unknown, I always found it hard to incorporate logical knowledge of language into the actual speaking and writing of English. I started to surf the web in attempt to find the reasons to why, even after spending more than half of my life in the U.S, I still cannot speak and write as well as people who were born or came here at a much younger age. At first I though the answer would be something to the extend of finding a region of the brain that is specialized for the learning of languages and that region is more developed in people other than I, who are good at linguistics. However, it turned out that the answer entails more than specialized regions in the brain, while there are regions in the brain that are specific for processing languages, what I found more interesting is that there is much evidence that supports the selectivist theory, found by Noam Chomsky that the ability to learn language is innate. Here innate means that  ¡Ã‚ °the language template is pre-organized in the neuronal structure of the brain, so that the fact of being an integral part of a given environment selects the borders of each individual neuronal structure without affecting its fine organization, which pre-exists. ¡Ã‚ ± (1) In this paper, I wish to point out evidence that supports this theory of the innateness of language, and to exam how the l anguage template develops. In conclusion, I wish to gain a better understand of my own language learning process in light of these new findings. One evidence that points to the innateness of language is the accuracy and speed at which humans process language and the accelerating rate at which children acquire language.  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ the average speaker produces approximately 150 words per minute, each word chosen from somewhere between 20000 and 40000 alternatives, at error rates below .1%. The average child is already well on her way toward that remarkable level of performance by 5 years of age, with a vocabulary of more than 6000 words and productive control over almost every aspect of sound and grammar in her language.

Puss in Boots by Charles Perrault Essay -- Fairy Tale Children Story

Charles Perrault’s classic fairy-tale Puss-in-Boots has been admired and loved by children and adults alike for centuries. This engaging tale features a walking, talking cat who goes out into the world to make his young master’s fortune. It is an adventure of the side-kick hero, of the loyal friend and devoted underling who has only his own exquisite wit and industriousness to help him on his quest. It is also a story with one of the most enigmatic and perplexing protagonists in fairy-tale culture. Puss is a feline who embodies ancient cat symbols in a uniquely paradoxical fashion; he is a female entity in a male character as well as a magical and demonic totem who is perceived as such by only a select few. Cats have always had a powerful feminine aspect to their image. This is little surprise considering the number of ancient cultures who associated cats with goddess worship. The Egyptians placed a cat’s head upon their goddess Bast, both the Greeks and Romans made cats attributes of their virgin huntress goddesses Artemis and Diana, and the Norse goddess Freya drove a chariot drawn by cats (Walker 367). As Hans Bierdermann comments, one can see â€Å"the frequent feline metaphors in misogynist expressions and clichà ©s: ‘a cat fight’ between two women, a ‘catty remark...’† (60). One may then ask about Perrault’s motives behind using a female symbol in the creation of the male Puss. Upon close inspection of the text, the need for the feminine cat becomes evident, and is addressed right at the beginning of the story. The cat must immediately be seen as a relatively useless thing, incapable of the heavy labour needed to generate a reasonable living, unlike the mill or the ass bestowed upon the two ol... ...e Meanings Behind Them. Trans. James Hulbert. New York: Facts on File Inc, 1992 Julien, Nadia. The Mammoth Dictionary of Symbols: Understanding the Hidden Language of Symbols. London: Robinson Publishing, 1996. Morgan, Jeanne. Perrault’s Morals for Moderns. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc, 1985. Opie, Iona, and Peter Opie. â€Å"Puss in Boots.† The Classic Fairy Tales. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974. 142 - 146. Perrault, Charles. â€Å"Puss-in-Boots.† Folk and Fairy Tales. 3rd ed. Ed. Martin Hallett and Barbara Karasek. Ontario: Broadview Press Ltd, 2002. 155 - 159. Walker, Barbara G. The Woman’s Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. Zipes, Jack. â€Å"Of Cats and Men.† Out of the Woods: The Origins of Literary Fairy Tale in Italy and France. Ed. Nancy L. Canepa. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997. 176 - 193.

Thrives on Misunderstanding: Analysis of “A Doll House”

Of all the struggles of the oppressed, perhaps the most daunting has been the most silently tyrannical. Women have spent ages proving their obvious intellectual, cognitive, and social equality to the male population, especially to the men in their lives. In â€Å"A Doll House† and â€Å"Trifles,† Henrik Ibsen and Susan Glaspell illustrate how men not only underestimate their wives, but also drive them to hide their true thoughts, act in secrecy, and ultimately take formidable, yet understandable measures of overcompensation. They do so while simultaneously imposing unique male and female perspectives on the relationships they create.Through the men’s shallow view of the women around them and their inability to properly analyze their interactions, the male characters in â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"A Doll House† create a culture of tension and resentment in their households that lead their wives to rebel against their oppression. In A â€Å"Doll House,à ¢â‚¬  Ibsen uses Torvald’s character to highlight the patronizing quality of the 19th century husband. Torvald addresses his wife, Nora, almost always by pet names, such as â€Å"Is that my little lark twittering out there?†¦ Is that my squirrel rummaging around?†¦When did my squirrel get in? † (859) For the better part of three acts, Nora internalizes the condescension and relishes the adoration—or at least she pretends to. The comments, which serve to reduce her humanity, lead Nora to realize that Torvald is ill-equipped to be a husband or a father, as he can only seem to sustain the relationships he dominates. As she comes to this realization, she tells her husband â€Å"There’s another job I have to do first. I have to try to educate myself. You can’t help me with that. I’ve got to do it alone. And that’s why I’m leaving you now. (907) Although removing herself from the hold of her husband’s patriarchy se ems logical, it is uncertain whether Nora will adapt to the realities of an independent lifestyle. The transition from her father’s patronization to the binds of Torvald’s expectations left Nora no opportunity to explore her interests or learn practical skills, like money management. Furthermore, had Nora pursued either, her husband would have forbidden her from duties associated with the male realm. The lack of these experiences forced Nora into venturing into the male world of business, taking out the loan which â€Å"saved† Torvald.When he reads Krogstad’s letter, his true sentiments about Nora come out: â€Å"I should have suspected something of the kind. I should have known†¦ All of your father’s flimsy values have come out in you. No religion, no morals, no sense of duty. † (904) Torvald’s lack of faith in Nora’s intellectual and business abilities also become clear through the outburst. The tension and shallowness i n the household become apparent when he uses pet names superficially, but when genuinely expressing emotion, he uses no names of the sort.He restricts their interactions to shallow conversation, which Nora picks up on when she announces her departure: â€Å"In eight whole years—longer even—right from our first acquaintance, we’ve never exchanged a serious word on any serious thing. † (906) Certainly, their interactions are more of a father-child dynamic than that of a married couple. Only when faced with her departure does Torvald make any concessions to the relationship, after attempting to subdue her defiance. Likewise, the women in â€Å"Trifles† are oppressed, though less subtly.Though Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale make significant discoveries at the Wrights’ home, their husbands treat them as children brought along to work. For instance, these women live their day to day lives pursuing the popular cultural interests deemed appropriate for w omen, and as such, are prone to discuss them in conversation. When Mrs. Hale points out Mrs. Wright’s quilt, the sheriff is quick to tease her: â€Å"They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it! (The men laugh, the woman look abashed. † (917) The blatant disrespect makes the women disinclined to tell the men investigating the crime scene any of their real findings, almost out of spite and to protect their fellow woman, Mrs. Wright. The women take note of the quilt, the broken preserves, and the dead canary, which likely triggered Mrs. Wright’s rage. While the men begin their search with the preconceptions that Mrs. Wright committed the crime and attempt to find evidence to prove it, the women assume her innocence; either they choose to because of their kind nature, or perhaps because doing so is a silent form of retaliation. Such rebellion is obvious when Mrs.Hale hides the bird from the sheriff and recalls Mr. Wright’s injustice to his wife: â€Å"I wish you’d seen Minnie Foster when she wore a white dress with blue ribbons and stood up there in the choir and sang. Oh, I wish I’d come over here once in a while! That was a crime! That was a crime! Who’s going to punish that? † (921) The men do not account for the woman Mrs. Wright had once been, and are therefore blind to the motive they search for. Mrs. Wright parallels Nora in that their men drive them to acts of desperation. Whereas Nora merely leaves her oppressive husband, Mrs. Wright finishes hers off herself.The difference in sex between the authors and how they have the women deal with their husbands is especially significant. Ibsen, a man, concludes with the oppressed woman becoming aware of her situation in spite of her lack of education, summoning the courage to leave her husband and family never having experienced independence. Almost suddenly, Nora realizes the lifelong hold of patriarchy her father and husband have imposed on he r when she complains â€Å"Our home’s been nothing but a playpen. I’ve been your doll-wife here, just as at home I was Papa’s doll-child. And in turn, the children have been my dolls.I thought it fun when you played with me, just as they thought it fun when I played with them. That’s been our marriage, Torvald. † (906) Glaspell, on the other hand, brings a female perspective and ended her characters’ marriage in murder—a fit of passion and rage from a woman who had lost her identity and zeal. The female author’s conclusion of overcompensation seems more realistic than the male author’s of miraculous clarity. For example, the male author’s version of the married couple is surely one of blatant shallowness, while the female author indirectly illustrates a dynamic void of respect and love.The more subtle, sinister nuances of the relationship that Glaspell hints at are more characteristic of real relationships; the on es that deteriorate often lose civility gradually. Contrasting, the Helmers were seemingly cordial, though paternalistic, until the end. Through their oppressive behavior, intentional or not, the men in these works contribute to their wives’ emotional deaths and to the deaths of their relationships. By treating them more like pawns in their quest for superficial happiness than equals, these men fail to recognize the frailty of their marriages.In addition, by underestimating their wives’ capabilities, they are blind-sighted when the women assert their humanity. The male-dominant dynamic incites the conflicts that lead the women to rebel; had there been any depth to the husband-wife connections, the contentions of â€Å"A Doll House† and â€Å"Trifles† may have been eschewed all together. Instead, the despotism in these relationships forges irreversible consequences: for the men, the harsh reality of a broken life; for the women, resentment for their oppres sion and a future of uncertainty.

Hedging Currency Risks at AIFS Essay

1. The final sales volume and the final dollar exchange rate gives rise to the currency exposure risk. Prices are set 1 year ahead of time so any fluctuation in the exchange rate will potentially cause a loss or savings to AIFS when the currency is exchanged. 2. If the exchange rate remains constant at $1.22/euros then AIFS will not incur a loss or a gain. It would cost $1220 per participant at this exchange rate. If actual dollar costs were above this level, then there would be a negative impact. If actual dollar costs were lower than expected, the impact would be positive. Thus, with a sales volume of 25,000 participants and the exchange rate rises to $1.48/euros then AIFS will be subject to a loss of $4,391,892. If the exchange rate drops to $1.01/euros then AIFS will save $5,198,020. 3. With a 100% forward hedge under a final sales volume of 25,000 participants, AIFS is facing a dollar inflow of $25,000,000. Under this assumption, the optimal amount of expenses would be 1000 Euros per student. Risk arises when currency rates between the Euro and the dollar fluctuate. From the European perspective, there is 25 million Euros in underlying exposure. If 25 million Euros were bought forward at the 1.22 $/euro rate, then 30.5 million dollars will be sold. If the contract was signed in June 2004, then 1 year 30.5 million dollars can be spent for 25 million Euros, leaving a net position of 0 Euros and 30.5 million dollars (100% forward hedge). With this forward hedge, AIFS is completely mitigating the exchange rate risk between the dollar and the Euro, and are thus protected from losing money if the exchange rate approaches 1.48$/Euro. With a 100% option hedge, 4. The higher or lower sales volume would exaggerate whatever gains or losses AIFS will realize. We are able to utilize the AIFS shifting box to determine what the reactions to differing sales volume versus the exchange rate. If the volume is low and the exchange rate is out of the money, the loss will be lower than if the volume was the same as projected. With a  lower sales volume but in the money interest rate the gain would be realized, however again it would be smaller than the gain with the expected 25,000 participant value. For a higher sales volume and out of the money exchange rate the loss would be the highest possible, which can be hedged by using an option. If the sales volume is high and the rate is in the money, this would be the highest possible gain, however it would also require AIFS to buy more currency. This is both good and bad news, because the exchange rate could be out of the money by the time AIFS is able to buy more currency. However if the exchange rate was in the money this option would be the best possible situation, creating the highest revenues of all possibilities. 5. The option hedge strategy would be the policy we would advocate because AIFS purchases foreign currency based on the projected sales volumes. The option strategy provides the best protection from the fluctuation in both exchange rates and sales volumes. We believe that due to the industry in which AIFS operates, the company is more likely to experience higher fluctuations in sales volumes than in the exchange rates. The option strategy provides a more versatile option to hedge against this potential risk because AIFS will not be locked into a specific rate, as is the case with forward hedges.

Climate Smart Agriculture In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

In aftermath of planetary climatic alterations, the developing states like Pakistan will confront the brunt because of their socio-economic features and heavy trust on agribusiness. As clime alteration will impact the agricultural productiveness, Pakistan needs to follow a policy which will guarantee the nutriment of 180 million people. As portion of version scheme, there is a demand of climate smart agribusiness which comprises of IWM ( incorporate H2O direction ) , GMO ‘s ( Genetically Modified Organisms ) , micro crediting and funding, low delta harvests ( necessitate less H2O ) , organic manure, etc. This survey further compares the agricultural productivenesss of different LDC ‘s with Pakistan and their acceptance rate of Green Revolution. Results show that Pakistan, India and Bangladesh have an acceptance rate of more than 60 % , which is really high in comparing with other developing states like Afghanistan, Angola and Yemen, whose acceptance rate has been less tha n 2 % . Furthermore other developing states had non adequate environmental considerations as compared to Pakistan. Finally the survey concludes that even though we have given much importance to the environmental facets yet we will hold to make some more attempts to non merely increase agricultural productiveness but with the clime smart facets of agribusiness. Introduction In the hereafter, Global Warming due to climatic alteration is expected ( due to current planetary seasonal alterations it is expected that planetary heating is go oning in future ) . About 2oC to 4oC addition in temperature over the subcontinent is expected. In these rough conditions the deficit of fresh H2O supply from rivers every bit good as the altered rain autumn forms will decidedly upset our agricultural productiveness. As a consequence more poorness and other societal immoralities will be our destiny. Increased bio diverseness loss along with the clime alterations will increase the habitat loss and finally of all time increasing population ‘s demand of nutrient will be a large inquiry grade for the policy shapers of our state and political disposal. Forests screen of our state is every bit low as 2.2 % or about 1,687,000 hour angle which is being forested in Pakistan. 20.2 % ( 340,000 hour angle ) is classified as primary forest out of it, the most bio diverse and carbon-filled signifier of wood. Pakistan had planted forest 340,000 ha.A Change in Forest Screen: Between 1990 and 2010, Pakistan is losing an norm of 42,000 hour angle or 1.66 % per annum. In entire, between 1990 and 2010, Pakistan has lost 33.2 % of its entire forest screen or around 840,000 hour angle. Pakistan ‘s woods are comprised of 213 million metric dozenss of C in populating forest biomass, which will of class return to the ambiance due to the fast film editing of woods ( FAO, 2010 ) . All the above climatic alteration catastrophes will finally consequence the people of Pakistan ‘s wellness besides by lessening in fresh H2O supply from aquifers or rain H2O fluctuation and taint or by energy lack powered by deficient usage of hydel power and the effusion of epidemic diseases like malaria and dandy fever. Poor H2O supply, increased worm conditions and the increased strength of natural catastrophes will finally transport on holding large decease tolls and as the Malthusian theory suggests natural catastrophes does non care about who is traveling to be vanished, a bookman or any drone. History: – The traditional agricultural agriculture has been with us up to early 1960ss of twentieth century. Afterwards we had followed the green revolution techniques, and with this method we are in a place to go forth India and Bangladesh behind but were behind China in the acceptance rate. Adoption Ratess of Green Revolution Crop in Pakistan Old ages Wheat Rice Maize Millet Sorghum Lentils Land Nuts Potatos All Crops 1965 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 1970 15 30 0 0 0 0 0 20 35 1975 50 40 0 0 0 0 0 45 49 1980 88 45 0 0 7 0 0 50 64 1985 90 55 0 0 10 0 0 60 67 1990 91 70 5 5 15 3 1 70 71 1995 92 85 10 10 20 15 3 75 75 2000 95 99 15 15 21 33 5 80 81 The above tabular array is derived from ‘Robert E. Evenson ‘ ( talk in PDR ) â€Å" The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Deductions † . In this tabular array it is evident that the Green Revolution in Pakistan ab initio produced really good consequences i.e. 25 times from 1965 to 1995, with an one-year mean addition of 83 % . It is really high rate of addition in over all harvest outputs but if we compare the consequences with the harvest output addition in 1995-2000 with 1965-1995 ‘s, the one-year mean addition in harvest outputs, it is evident that the one-year mean addition in 1995-2000 remains every bit low as 21.6 % merely. It is clear from above consequences that the so called Green Revolution technique is bit by bit neglecting in our state. LT 2 % 2-10 % 10-20 % 20-30 % 30-40 % 40-50 % 50-65 % GT 65 % Afghanistan Burkina Faso Bolivia Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Algeries Argentina Angola Cambodia Dahomey Costa Rica United arab republic Persia Bangladesh Chile Burundi Chad Botswana Ecuador Mexico Kenya Brazil China Cardinal African Republic El-Salvador Cameroon Ghana South west africa Maroc Union of burma India Congo ( B ) Gabun Congo ( Z ) Lao people's democratic republic Paraguay Nepal Tunisia Dutch east indies Gambia Guatemala Ca »Ã¢â‚¬Å"te d'Ivoire Malagasy republic Peru Siam Malaya Guinea Bissau Guinea Yaltopya French sudan Saudi- Arabia Turkey Pakistan Mauritanie Haiti Liberia Sierra Leone South- Africa Philippines Mongolia Jamaica Honduras Syria Srilanka Niger Libya Mauritius Vietnam Somalia Nyasaland Nicaragua Yemen Mocambique Nigeria Panama Rwandese republic Senegal Soudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uruguay Uganda Venezuela Northern rhodesia Rhodesia Table from: Robert E. Evenson ‘ ( talk in PDR, 2010 ) Even though Pakistan is among those states whose acceptance rate of Green Revolution is more than 65 % . Even so we are confronting with the nutrient crises. Why? Because of several grounds i.e. political, societal and distributional grounds along with the territorial and cross boundary line influences. One of these grounds is the none usage of resources harmonizing to sustainable. By sustainable usage of resources we mean that inordinate usage of fertilisers is of no usage, we will hold to reconsider the national policy for the accomplishment of national ends, and that is the emerging construct of Climate Smart Agriculture, in which we must utilize our cherished resources in such a manner that neither there should be an inordinate usage of fertilisers and H2O etc nor we should go forth the hereafter nutrient demands of the of all time increasing population. On the other manus we could non accomplish â€Å" Gene Revolution † which is based on â€Å" Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid † , ( a familial Engineering technique ) because we had non introduced the nutrient safety and environmental safety ordinances which are required for Gene Revolution. Gene Revolution is comprised of Genetically Modified merchandises. Approximately 40 per centum of GM merchandises are GM harvest merchandises and 60 per centum are GM wellness merchandises ( Robert E. Evenson in PDR, 2010 ) . The GM harvest merchandises fall into three classs: ( a ) Herbicide Tolerant merchandises. ( B ) Disease Resistant merchandises. ( degree Celsius ) Insect Resistant merchandises ( chiefly from Bacillus thurengiensis ( Bt ) engineered into the works. If we could accomplish the Gene Revolution, it will be a success way taking to Climate Smart agribusiness. Expected Future of nutrient insecurity and Climate Smart Agriculture Post Harvest losingss of Crop The station crop losingss of different harvests of fruits and veggies occur due to hapless engineering of harvest home, improper timing of crop and burden of end product in the Fieldss and long distances from Fieldss to market. This station crop loss is vey important sum of entire end product. In Pakistan these losingss are besides really high particularly in fruits and veggies. Harmonizing to national statistics these loses in Pakistan are runing from 35 to 40 % . During the Kharif 2005-06 the production of veggies was 1.2 million dozenss while it dropped to under 1 million dozenss in 2009-10.Similarly, Rabi 2005-06 production of veggies was about 2.2 million dozenss which came down to 2 million dozenss in 2009-10.and at the same clip the population and demand is increased ( FAO study, 2010 ) . Stay Green seeds assortment should be used in production as this assortment delays the over maturating procedure and vegetable corsets green and remain fresh and functional on the workss for longer period. This will assist and farmer has more clip to reap the harvest and the opportunities of loss will be least. If the authorities take this issue earnestly and by presenting progress engineering and better the substructure it can get the better of these losingss. By making this authorities can guarantee more supply of fruits and veggies and set the monetary values at the lower limit degrees and guarantee the nutrient security in the state, as the most of the hapless people of Pakistan used veggies as the basic nutrient. ( Dawn Economic and Bushiness reappraisal, 25 April, 2011 ) Issues sing Agriculture in Pakistan: Water Handiness: – Pakistan is a H2O lacking state. Agribusiness is the largest individual user of H2O in the state, devouring about 99 per cent of available surface H2O and 92.5 per cent of groundwater beginnings. Groundwater contributes 57 per cent ( 40 MAF ) of entire H2O available at the farm gate, while 43 per cent of irrigation supply comes from river flows. Canal H2O diverted in an mean twelvemonth is 54 MAF, out of which 29 MAF is available at the farm gate. In Punjab, 99 % of surface H2O ( rivers, canals etc. ) and 92.5 % of groundwater ( tube Wellss etc. ) is used for irrigation/ Agricultural intents but, the groundwater is usually piquant doing salination ( Punjab Sustainable Development Report, 2010 ) . While, inordinate use of aquifer has reduced H2O tabular array and increased the cost of pull outing aquifer for irrigation intents. The quality of groundwater is fringy to brackish in 40 per cent of the country of the Indus basin in the state, impacting harvest outputs and taking to the sec ondary salinisation of dirts. Excessive extraction has lowered the H2O tabular array in many countries and increased the cost of pumping groundwater for irrigation. Quality has besides been affected, with the engagement of saline groundwater into the fresh groundwater zone. More over as India is increasing its dike, which will decline the jobs of Pakistan and as a consequence our agricultural production will besides endure. The increased H2O supply due to the climatic alterations i.e. runing the glaciers, will be used up by India. This is the state of affairs in H2O handiness. In Punjab, 99 % of surface H2O ( rivers, canals etc. ) and 92.5 % of groundwater ( tube Wellss etc. ) is used for irrigation/ Agricultural intents but, the groundwater is usually piquant doing salination. While, inordinate use of aquifer has reduced H2O tabular array and increased the cost of pull outing aquifer for irrigation intents ( Punjab Sustainable Development Report, 2010 ) . Water, hygiene, sanitation related diseases costs Pak. economic system Rs. 112 billions/year ( wellness + gaining losingss ) ( WB, 2006 ) ( Env. Degradation Losses ) Costs related to Diarrhea entirely = Rs. 55 to Rs.80 Billion/year High drop-out in schools Beginning: Pakistan Strategic Country Environment Assessment Report ( 2006 ) , The World Bank. Solutions for Water Availability: – So here we can utilize the Climate Smart technique to battle with the immorality of H2O deficit and H2O taints. With the improved H2O harvest home and increasing reservoirs such as dikes if non big dikes so there should be little dikes built desperately in rain fed countries of our state. Proper direction of effluent Water handiness and its taint should be stopped by participatory attack, affecting policy shapers, terminal users and contrivers. There is a technique which saves H2O and is called Alternate-Wetting and Drying ( AWD ) which was developed by the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) in cooperation with national research establishments. Conservation Agriculture ( CA ) is another smart agribusiness technique in which the straws of the harvested harvests are laid on the same field in a mode that it retains wet and birthrate of dirt, this technique is normally practiced in states like Egypt. Dirt foods and birthrate: – For Agriculture production the usage of fertilisers is practiced at really high degree to acquire more output per acre. The domestic production of fertilisers in the twelvemonth 2009-10 was estimated about 4.5 % , and the import of fertilisers was approximately 133 % increased in the same twelvemonth. The entire stock of fertiliser increased 25 % in Pakistan. Excessive usage of fertilisers has been doing debasement of dirts ‘ birthrate. In Pakistan, the usage of natural fertiliser ( organic ) is non being practiced at commercial degree but, at local degree this is practical ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-10 ) . Issues: Due to the intensive usage of machinery and fertilisers soil productiveness alternatively of increasing it is diminishing. Under-utilization or over-utilization of fertilisers is an issue. Excessive usage of fertilisers is termed as â€Å" Fertilization Burn † which causes roots to dry out and even decease of the works. Nitrogen arrested development in the harvests is an indispensable portion and bring forthing unreal N fertilisers needs beginnings like fossil fuels and natural gas which is scarce in nature In the production of ammonia- the major constituent of fertilisers is produce by the usage of natural gas in industrial procedure which is a scarce resource. Soil eroding, Wind eroding, H2O logging Soil eroding causes deposits to settle down in dikes, agricultural run-off, wastewaters in the H2O and sewerage, causes eutrophication ( algae growing on the H2O surface ) . Solutions: Use of organic fertilisers Legumes or lentils ( protein rich beginning workss ) can be used as natural fertilisers which can besides turn to nutrient security issues and increase nutrient transition ratios and lessenings methane emanations besides called green manuring, normally cropped in between two harvests or inter-cropping and in agro-forestry systems to heighten dirt birthrate. Nitrogen is an indispensable food to increase harvest outputs, it can be achieved through composting manures and harvest residues, specifically utilizing techniques like ‘deep arrangement engineerings ‘ or else usage organic fertiliser. Pesticides: – There is inordinate usage of pesticides in Pakistan. In last two decennaries pesticides use has been 1169 % and at least more than 10 sprays are used on a individual harvest ( Technical bulletin, 2000 ) and 80 % pesticide are used on cotton workss ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) . Whereas, the old Torahs related to the usage of pesticides has non been updated yet ( Agriculture Pesticide Ordinance APO 1971 & A ; 1973, Mazari, 2005 ) . Issues: – Pesticides are considered one of the major beginnings to command plagues and other insects but they have their ain risky impacts because of soiled chemicals are used to organize pesticides called relentless organic pollutants ( POPs ) and therefore causes H2O pollution, dirt taint. Excessive usage of pesticides besides reduces the N arrested development in dirt, disturbs the pollenation procedure and destroys birds ‘ home ground. Plagues ‘ immune system develops a opposition against pesticides finally human need another type of pesticide to command the plagues. The usage of pesticides can hold an inauspicious consequence on human wellness. Solutions: – Use of good parasitic and marauding insects to command the plagues which are involved in diminishing the works growing such as, beetles etc. Seeds: – In Pakistan we are confronting with the job of lack of research based high giving up assortments ( HYVs ) seeds, on one side we have to pass cherished foreign exchange to purchase them and on the other manus, we are dependent on other states. We have established many agricultural research establishments and research labs like ; Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department ( FSC & A ; RD ) For illustration, Bt. Cotton is seed modified and developed by utilizing the techniques employed in Biotechnology. The usage of this seed increases the green goods by 30 % because it has a capacity to defy plagues, and cotton related diseases which certainly, increase the income of hapless subsistence husbandmans but still, there is a spread between supply and demand so, the monetary values of these HYVs are increasing. During the twelvemonth 2009-10 the 611 seed bring forthing companies are registered ( both populace and private sectors ) in Pakistan. Increasing the cost of production of agribusiness and decreasing the net incomes of husbandmans. More over these are non much reliable. These HYVs are tolerant to plagues, utmost temperatures and diseases. Issues Supply deficits along with dependability of these HYVs Poor provincials can non afford these HYVs These HYVs consume more H2O and we are H2O lacking state Solutions and benefits: – Domestic production of HYVs, which suit our environment Provision of capital to little husbandmans by the authorities Construction of new dikes ( little dikes ) Solution to post production losingss Increased supply of nutrient Stay green assortment of seeds should be used Farm Mechanization: – Farm mechanisation tendency is increasing overtime. It supports cultural patterns, in-time sowing, and decrease in station crop losingss. The farm mechanisation includes tractors, agriculturists, drills, wheat thrashers, sprays, power rigs, tubing Wellss and bull dozers. Entire figure of tractors being used is 342,000 in June 2005. It was expected that the figure of tractors will increase up to 466,000 in 2009-10 ( Working Draft, Planning Commission, 2010 ) . Decision: – To run into the turning demand of the agricultural goods specially for staple nutrient and at the same clip the menace of clime alteration has opportunities to go on as in 2010 the devastated inundations affect the state and damaged the harvests cultivated on 1000000s of hectares. Pakistan needs to follow climate smart agribusiness techniques to turn to this issue. As the FAO has proposed different valuable clime smart methods, Pakistan should follow these patterns as our state is labour abundant and most of our population is involved in agribusiness patterns. But there is deficiency of fiscal spreads. In this paper different issues and their solutions are highlighted different issues sing agribusiness sector which and besides some patterns of clime smart agribusiness is being done but harmonizing to potency of Pakistan ‘s agribusiness it is non being utilized. There is demand of policy devising should include all the stakeholders to do the agribusiness sector more productive a cquire the higher consequences by using the resources more expeditiously. Even though there are a batch of hurdlings in accommodating to the Climate Smart agribusiness technique such as institutional, societal, and political and deficiency of agricultural instruction, we have the possible to come up with this evident demand of future. We have to get down this now or otherwise it will be excessively late to be blamed by our hereafter coevalss, that what we were endowed and what we have left for them. Policy Recommendations: – Increase Agriculture production through debut of advanced engineerings, scientific method, and better policy devising Management and preservation of H2O resources in such a manner that more portion of the land is facilitated with more irrigated H2O like ; trickle irrigation Technique of Smart Agriculture ( intercrossed seeds, green manuring, H2O etc. ) in hard currency harvests in such a manner that their exports can be enhanced Using Research and Development ( R & A ; D ) for the production of Hybrid seeds within the state to cut down the imported seeds, and cut down the impacts of clime alteration doing seasonal holds. Agriculture recognition and micro funding installation should be easy available particularly to little husbandmans ( like ; one window operation ) . Guaranting the inducements for little husbandmans through support monetary value system ( subsidies by authorities ) so that their income may increase. Timely handiness of Agricultural inputs to cut down the negative impact of clime alteration on agribusiness. Development and debut of smart agricultural techniques to cut down the agricultural dirt emanations.